宗教社會史觀下的人間佛教──從太虛到星雲

Christianity as Model and Analogue in the Formation of the 'Humanistic' Buddhism of Tài Xūand Hsīng Yún

觀察當代全球佛教第一印象是它紛亂而多樣。在此文中我們想要探討一個源自不到百年前的佛教傳統，它就是世所周知的「入世佛教」。這項傳統是兩次大戰之間在中國大陸發起的，倡始者是太虛和尚（1980-1947）的，這篇文章的第一部分專門介紹了他。自從共產黨征服中國以來，其主要分支機構在台灣蓬勃發展，其中最成功的，至少在數字上來說，是佛光山，它是由現在已很年老的太虛追隨者－－星雲（1927-）所創立的。太虛大師創時稱它「人生佛教」星雲大師更近一步提出「人間佛教」。首先，星雲是太虛忠誠且務實的信徒，他在多案例中將中國佛教進一步發展出許多特色，而這實乃源自於太虛的與基督教「對話」政策。再者，星雲所創的佛光山許多方面的發展也近似於基督教。正是在這一「對話」策略中，我們專注於教育和公共生活。由於社會環境相似，我們在有意識的模仿和類似的發展之間進行區分，並說明新教基督教和羅馬天主教如何產生不同的影響。在第四部分中，我們考察佛光山作為全球性的傳教宗教。在本文中，我們將同時採用歷史以及社會學這兩個脈絡進行此項研究。

Observing contemporary global Buddhism, the first impression is that it is chaotic and diverse. In this article, we want to discuss a Buddhist tradition that originated less than a hundred years ago, and it is known as ＂Engaged Buddhism＂. This tradition was initiated in mainland China between the two Wars. It was initiated by the monk Taixu (1980-1947). The first part of this article specifically introduces him. Since the Communist Party conquered China, its main branches have flourished in Taiwan, and the most successful, at least numerically speaking, is Fo Guang Shan, which was founded by the now very old Taixu follower-Xingyun (1927-) Created. Master Taixu called it ＂Buddhism in Human Realm＂ when he created it. First of all, Xingyun is a loyal and pragmatic believer of Tai Xu. He has further developed Chinese Buddhism into many characteristics in many cases, and this is actually derived from Tai Xu's policy of ＂dialogue＂ with Christianity. Furthermore, the development of Fo Guang Shan created by him is similar to Christianity. We differentiate between conscious imitation and analogous development due to similar social circumstances, and show how Protestant Christianity and Roman Catholicism have had different effects. In Part four, we examine Fo Guang Shan as a missionary religion. It is in this ＂dialogue＂ stratedgy that we focus on education and public life. Because of the similar social environment, we distinguish between conscious imitation and similar development, and show how Protestant Christianity and Roman Catholicism have different influences. In the fourth part, we examine Fo Guang Shan as a global missionary religion. In this article, we will use both historical and sociological contexts to conduct this research.