中國佛教刺血書經的發展與演變

The Development and Evolution of Blood Writing Sutra in Chinese Buddhism

源於印度的佛教傳到中國後，僧人剃除鬚髮、割愛辭親，有違傳統儒家思想的「身體髮膚受之父母，不可毀傷。」與「不孝有三，無後為大」的孝道思想。更進一步的刺血書經和燃身供佛就更有爭議了。然而，在中國領土上，卻有梁武帝三太子蕭綱首先刺血寫經，隨後唐肅宗皇后張氏亦刺血書經為皇上健康祈福。兩位都是宮庭皇室的俗人，卻帶動了之後歷朝諸多跨越台海兩岸的僧俗二眾，投入刺血書經的行列，為中國佛教留下數以萬卷的珍貴血經，供後人景仰效法。血經用血抄寫的經書，又指女性的月經。因此，在中國佛教史歷朝可考的六十三位刺血書經者中，僅有兩位女性。又隨著醫療器材的進步，至今在台灣本地已有將刺血書經模示改以血袋抽血，以提供大量血經的書寫。本論文採用文獻觀察、田野調查與深度訪談等研究方法，透過歷朝刺血寫經史例，來耙梳中國佛教刺血書經的緣起、刺血書經的依據、書寫血經的目的、刺血書經發展脈絡、現代刺血書經的特色、與以墨抄經與刺血書經的異同等，以釐清刺血書經在中國佛教發展史上扮演的角色，與其時代意義。

After Buddhism spread to China from India, the behaviors that the monks shave their heads, give up what they treasures and leave their parents are deemed incompatible with the traditional Confucian thought ＂The body, hair and skin, all have been received from the parents, and one doesn't dare damage them.＂ as well as the filial duty thought ＂There are three forms of unfilial conduct, of which the worst is to have no descendants.＂ Furthermore, blood writing, pricking one's body to draw blood to copy sutras, and burning oneself alive for offering Buddha are even more controversial. However, on the Chinese territory, Xiao Gang, the third son of Emperor Wu of Liang, first used his blood to copy Buddhist scriptures. Later, Empress Zhang, the wife of Emperor Suzong of Tang, also used her blood to transcribe Buddhist sutras to seek blessing for the emperor's health. Both of them were laities of the royal family, but they led many monks and laities across the Taiwan Strait in the history of Chinese dynasties to get involved in blood writing. They left tens of thousands of precious sutras written with blood for Chinese Buddhists to be admired and imitated by future generations. Xuè jīng(血經) referred to blood sutras, the scriptures written with blood. also referred to the menstruation of women. Therefore, among the sixty-three blood writers in the history of Chinese Buddhism, there are only two women. With the advancement of medical equipment, blood writing has been changed to use blood bags in Taiwan to facilitate a lot of blood writing. This thesis uses literature observation, field investigation and in-depth interviews, through historical examples of Chinese dynasties, to sort out the origins of blood writing in Chinese Buddhism, the basis of blood writing, the purpose of blood writing, the development of blood writing, the characteristics of blood writing, as well as the similarities and differences between ink transcribing and blood writing, so as to clarify the role of blood writing in the history of Chinese Buddhism and its contemporary meaning.