南投市中高齡者，對游泳運動之參與動機、涉入程度與休閒效益之研究

A Study on the Participation Motivation, Involvement and Leisure Benefits of the Swimming Activity based on the Elders in Nantou City

近年由於醫藥的發明及醫療技術的進步，使國人平均壽命延長，高齡化社會和人口結構的快速轉變，帶給社會極大衝擊。許多研究指出，人們的生理機能雖然會隨年紀增長而下降，但卻可藉由運動達到延緩老化的趨勢。游泳運動是一項低衝擊、低負荷之運動，不僅有助於提升心肺功能，增進肌力等身體機能，同時可降低罹患心血管等慢性疾病之風險，達到健康老化之目的，是一項非常適合中高齡者參與的休閒運動。本研究以南投市年齡45歲（含）以上平時有參與游泳運動之成人為研究對象並彙整相關經典研究，將參與動機變項分為「探索學習」、「社交需求」、「成就需求」與「刺激迴避」等四個構面；涉入程度變項羅列「吸引力」、「生活中心性」與「自我展現」等三個構面；休閒效益變項則涵括「生理效益」、「心理效益」、「社交效益」與「成長效益」等四個構面，分析其參與游泳運動之參與動機、涉入程度與休閒效益之差異，進而探討其關聯性。研究結果發現：不同人口背景變數在參與動機、涉入程度與休閒效益變項中，「每週參與游泳的次數」對於參與動機之「成就需求」上有顯著差異；「目前或退休前職業」對於涉入程度之「生活中心性」及「自我表現」上有顯著差異；「每週參與游泳的次數」對整體休閒效益有顯著差異，另外「目前或退休前職業」對於休閒效益之「成長效益」上有顯著差異及「參與游泳運動的時間」對於休閒效益之「心理效益」及「生理效益」上亦有顯著差異；參與動機、涉入程度的各構面間均呈中度顯著正相關，欲提升中高齡者參與游泳運動的休閒效益，需強化參與動機及涉入程度與休閒效益的「生理效益」、「心理效益」，使中高齡者藉由參與游泳運動活化生理機能，使身心靈感到放鬆愉悅，並從過程中獲得成就感、肯定自我價值並提升自信心，達到自我實現。

In recent years, due to the invention of medicine and the advancement of medical technology, the average life expectancy of Chinese people has been prolonged, and the aging society and the rapid transformation of the population structure have brought great impact to the society. Many studies have pointed out that although people's physiological functions will decline with age, they can delay the aging trend through exercise. Swimming is a low-impact, low-load exercise, which not only helps to improve cardiopulmonary function and muscle strength and other physical functions, but also reduces the risk of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and achieves healthy aging. It is a very important exercise. Recreational sports suitable for middle-aged and elderly people. In this study, adults aged 45 and above who usually participate in swimming in Nantou City were selected as the research objects, and relevant classic studies were collected. There are four aspects of 'stimulus avoidance'; the variable of involvement level includes three aspects of 'attraction', 'life-centricity' and 'self-expression'; the variable of leisure benefit includes 'physiological benefits', ' Psychological benefits', 'social benefits' and 'growth benefits' were analyzed to analyze the differences in their motivation to participate in swimming, the degree of involvement and leisure benefits, and then to explore their correlations. The results of the study found that: among the variables of participation motivation, involvement level and leisure benefit, there were significant differences in the 'number of swimming participations per week' on the 'achievement needs' of participation motivation; 'current or pre-retirement occupation' There are significant differences in the 'life-centricity' and 'self-expression' of the degree of involvement; 'the number of swimming participations per week' has a significant difference in the overall leisure benefit, and the 'current or preretirement occupation' has a significant difference in the 'growth' of the leisure benefit. There are significant differences in the benefits' and the 'psychological benefits' and 'physiological benefits' of the 'time participating in swimming' for the leisure benefits; the participation motivation and the degree of involvement are moderately significantly positive. Relatedly, in order to enhance the leisure benefits of swimming for middle-aged and elderly people, it is necessary to strengthen the motivation and involvement level and the 'physiological benefits' and 'psychological benefits' of leisure benefits, so that middle-aged and elderly people can activate their physiological functions by participating in swimming. The body and mind are inspired to relax and enjoy, and gain a sense of achievement, affirm self-worth and enhance self-confidence from the process to achieve self-realization.