朱熹《童蒙須知》孝道思想之論析

On Zhu Xi's Thought of Filial Piety

奉養父母長輩的準則叫「孝道」，孝道是中華民族的基本傳統道德、行為準則之一，本文以朱熹《童蒙須知》所載的細則為基礎，論析教育幼兒自小行孝的內容，主要包括：「養親與敬親」、「順親」與「諫親」。「養親」是要照顧好父母的飲食衣服居住等基本的生活，是子女對父母的最基本義務；在傳統孝的觀念，不僅要求子女對父母盡奉養的義務，更重要的是子女對父母的敬愛之心。孔子對「敬親」特別重視，而在傳統孝道的觀念中，「敬親」比「養親」是為更高層次的孝。「順親」是要體貼父母的心意，以和悅的態度，學會與他人和諧相處的行為模式；「諫親」則是能體諒父母的疏失，委婉提出建言。朱熹認為，教育須從根本實踐，所謂「仁包四德」，而孩童自小敬愛父母與兄長，以至成長，這其中所習得的孝弟，是行仁之本。在《童蒙須知》當中，關於「孝」的條目，出現十七次，本文將之歸類為孝心、孝行、孝德。本文依次探討朱熹如何在童蒙教育中，落實儒家的孝道思想。

The principle of supporting parents and elders is called 'filial piety.' Filial piety is one of the basic traditional morals and codes of conduct of the Chinese nation. This article uses the rules contained in Zhu Xi's 'Guide to Children's Meng' as the basis to analyze the content of educating children to practice filial piety at a young age, mainly including : 'Foster and respect relatives', 'shun relatives' and 'advise relatives'. 'Fostering relatives' is to take good care of the basic life of parents, such as food, clothing, and housing. It is the most basic obligation of children to their parents. In the traditional concept of filial piety, children are not only required to perform their duties to their parents, but more importantly, children are to their parents. Respect and love. Confucius paid special attention to 'respecting relatives', and in the traditional concept of filial piety, 'respecting relatives' is a higher level of filial piety than 'supporting relatives.' 'Shunqin' is a behavioral pattern that needs to be considerate of parents and learn to live in harmony with others with a pleasant attitude; 'admonishment' is to be able to understand the negligence of parents and make suggestions euphemistically. Zhu Xi believes that education must be fundamentally practiced. The so-called 'benevolence encompasses the four virtues', and that children respect and love their parents and elder brothers and grow up. The filial piety learned in this is the foundation of benevolence. In 'Instructions for Children's Meng,' the entry about 'filial piety' appears seventeen times. This article classifies it as filial piety, filial behavior, and filial piety. This article discusses how Zhu Xi implements Confucian filial piety in childhood education.