楊梅客家「三官大帝」信仰之研究

A Study on the Belief of Yangmei Hakka Sanguang Dadyi

「三官大帝」為臺灣民間信仰之一環。這是早期農業社會源自對天、地、水的敬畏、感恩之心所衍伸出來的信仰，普遍存在於臺灣的漢人社會。相較於「三山國王」這種客家原鄉信仰，三官大帝廟普遍建築於臺灣北部的客家聚落中。究竟何種原因？讓臺灣北部客家普遍認同閩南漳洲原鄉的三官信仰。本研究從縱向的歷史分析，與橫向的人類學田野調查、社會學參與式調查，以桃園市楊梅區為範圍進行研究，獲得以下結論： 1. 三官信仰進入楊梅客家是在大環境的偶然促成與信眾集體意志交互運作下的結果，墾團菁英為關鍵推手。 2. 除三官信仰非客家原鄉信仰外，伯公與龍神等客家原鄉信仰仍存在楊梅。 3. 三官信仰「拜天公」儀式提升義民爺位階，乃基於原鄉尊天、謝地、敬祖的客家精神。 4. 原內地的單一神祇信仰，在現代臺灣逐漸演化成多神奉祀的信仰。

'Sanguang Dadyi' is part of Taiwan's folk beliefs. This belief is originated from the awe and gratitude of heaven, earth and water in the early agricultural society, and generally existed in the Han society in Taiwan. Compared with the Hakka belief of 'Kings sof Three Mountains', the temples of the Sanguang Dadyi were generally built in Hakka settlements in northern Taiwan. Why? How do Hakkas in northern Taiwan come to agree with the belief of 'Sanguang Dadyi' originated from the hometown of Zhangzhou in southern Fujian. From longitudinal historical analysis, horizontal anthropological field investigation and sociological participatory investigation, this study took Yangmei District of Taoyuan City as the scope of research, and obtained the following conclusion: 1. The acceptance of “Sanguang Dadyi” belief by Hakkas in Yangmei was the result of accidental promotion due to the environment and the collective will of the followers, where the social elites played as the key driving force. 2. In addition to the non-Hakka and non-native belief of “Sanguang Dadyi”, there is still the native Hakka belief of Bag-Gung and Dragon God of Earth. 3. Adding worship of 'Yimin Ye' into the ceremony of worshiping the Sanguang Dadyi, 'Prayer to Jade Emperor', therefore, enhance the honor of the title, 'Yimin Ye'. This worship activity is based on the original hometown Hakka spirit that comprises respecting heaven, thanking the earth, and reminiscing about our ancestors. 4. In modern Taiwan, the belief of monotheism in the Mainland has gradually transformed to a belief of worshiping many gods.