敬畏情緒量表的編製發展與驗證之研究

Development and Validation of the General Awe Scale

敬畏情緒為正向情緒之一，且過往認為敬畏情緒能提升個體的正向行為、幸福感與生活滿意度、增進心理資本、提升學生的學習成效與自我效能，惟尚未有國人研究探討敬畏情緒的結構內涵。本研究旨在編製「敬畏情緒量表（General Awe Scale，簡稱GAS）」並評估自編量表之品質，本研究採用網路問卷調查法，在預試研究方面，初編50題目，邀請384名大學生進行網路線上填答，經探索性因素分析後，得出「敬畏情緒量表」為二階五因子之結構。正式研究則邀請720名在學學生進行量表填答，所蒐集之資料進行驗證性因素分析與信度、效標關聯效度分析。研究發現：1.敬畏情緒量表為「好奇探索」、「讚嘆自然」、「欣賞藝術」、「感覺渺小」與「連結感」等五個因素所組成的二階因素結構。2.敬畏情緒量表具有良好的信度與效度。3.本研究以「主觀幸福感」、「利社會行為」、「靈性幸福感」與「感恩」作為外在效標，發現敬畏情緒與上述變項間具有顯著的正相關，顯示本量表具備不錯的外在關聯效度。4.本研究參與者普遍具有中高程度之敬畏情緒，而在近一年內曾有出國經驗者、學習滿意度高者、壓力主觀感受程度較低者，其敬畏情緒較高，且有顯著差異性。最後，本研究提出相關建議以供未來研究參考。

Awe is one of the eight positive emotions proposed by Vaillant (2008a, 2008b). McDougall (1910) first described the concept of awe, which includes admiration imbued with senses of power and wonder as well as the meaning of a peak experience. Ekman (1992) and Valdesolo and Graham (2014) suggested that awe is a special, complex, and unique emotion. Stellar et al. (2017) suggested that awe is a self-transcendent emotion that involves admiration, inspiration, and elevation. By contrast, Keltner and Haidt (2003) considered awe's core dimensions to be senses of vastness and accommodation. Vastness refers to stimuli that strain one's perception in terms of personal frames of reference such as physical size (i.e., volume, area, quantity), social scale (i.e., fame), and symbolic markers of vast size (i.e., a lavish office). The congeniality indicates that such a vastness triggers a cognitive discordance that might induce an imbalance between one's perception and behavior. Therefore, one must accommodate the present situation and balance cognitive reference frames, experiencing one's smallness, powerlessness, and confusion. Once such an accommodation takes effect, feelings pertaining to enlightenment and rebirth may arise. If not, fear and a feeling of being threatened may ensue. Therefore, feelings of awe may be identified when a powerful situation accompanied by an inclination to submit occurs, or when a difficult-to-explain situation accompanied by a feeling of amazement, surprise, or confusion occurs. Such feelings of awe can be categorized as positive affect or emotions that promote happiness (Shiota et al., 2007). Regarding causation, a given object or event is necessary to elicit a feeling of awe. This cause usually lies in a rich, attractive source, such as art, technology, or landscapes. Awe cannot be elicited without a cause (Keltner & Haidt, 2003; Shiota et al., 2007), but it can be induced by objects such as landscapes (Shiota et al., 2007), outer space (Bonner & Friedman, 2011), human achievement (Keltner & Haidt, 2003; Thomson & Siegel, 2017), artworks, music, powerful leaders (Keltner & Haidt, 2003), natural disaster, and epidemic disease (Piff et al., 2015). Furthermore, the mechanism underlying awe is different among cultures (Nakayama et al., 2020). Awe is considered a positive emotion in Western culture but is considered a complex mixture of positive and negative emotions in Eastern culture. In East Asia, people usually view the negative aspect of awe in a positive light, and vice versa. This represents an example of dialectical thinking (Peng & Nisbett, 1999).