詮釋毛澤東：文革前夕中共關於戲曲改革的一場論爭

Interpreting Mao: A Debate on Chinese Opera Reform on the Eve of the Cultural Revolution

1964年文革前夕劉少奇、彭真、陸定一、周揚及江青等人在不同場合分別對京劇現代戲的改革發表講話，他們的觀點許多時候是針鋒相對。有趣的是劉少奇等人與江青所發表的講話，實際上都是在回應毛澤東於1963年底寫的“關於文藝工作的批語”。分析劉少奇等人與江青的這場論爭，我們可以發現雙方對戲曲改革的發展方向有完全不同的期待，而這種不同的期待實際上反映了雙方的政治觀點。江青在否定文藝思想的同時，更重要的是進一步否定建國以來的社會主義建設的成果。江青認為文藝可以改變人的意識形態與世界觀，它可以破壞社會主義的經濟基礎，破壞社會主義的經濟基礎，即是破壞社會主義的制度，牽涉的是一個社會主義的指導思想的問題，是一個政治問題，並非只是文藝問題。劉少奇他們則極力要肯定建國以來在文藝方面所走的路線，只是承認個別人在認識層面上出了問題。他們的目的是既要肯定他們在建國以來在文藝方面的成績，亦要肯定建國以來社會主義建設的成果，並要極力把問題限制在戲劇改革本身的問題上。這場論爭還展示了一個自中華人民共和國建立以來一直存在的有趣現象，即持不同政見的人都參與對毛澤東的詮釋，並且通過詮釋論證自己的觀點。最遲從一九五零年代初開始，毛澤東的文字或隻言片語即成為文藝界各種討論的出發點，儘管對毛有各式各樣的詮釋，而且新的詮釋不斷湧現，大家都宣稱自己忠於毛的思想，並且儘量反覆運用毛的語言來討論問題。

"In 1964, on the eve of the Cultural Revolution, Liu Shaoqi, Peng Zhen, Lu Dingyi, Zhou Yang, and Jiang Qing gave speeches on Chinese opera reform during different occasions. The views of Liu and his comrades were often in sharp contrast to those of Jiang. It is interesting that all these speeches were actually in response to Mao Zedong's 'Criticism on literary and artistic work' written at the end of 1963. Analyzing the speeches, it is not hard to find that both sides had completely different expectations on the direction of opera reform, which reflected their different political views. Jiang Qing was eager to deny not only the literary and artistic thoughts, but also the achievements of socialist construction since the founding of the People's Republic of China. Jiang Qing believes that literature and art could change the ideology and worldview of the people, destroy the economic foundation of socialism and eventually destroy the socialist system. For her, the so-called literature and art issue was indeed very political. In contrast, Liu Shaoqi and his comrades tried hard to affirm the achievements in literature and art and the achievements of socialist construction since 1949. They strived to limit the criticism to the realm of the opera reform. The debate draws our attention to an interesting phenomenon that appeared since the early 1950s: people with different or even contradicting views competed with each other on the correct interpretation of Mao Zedong's words. In fact, these people appropriated Mao's views to support their own political ideas. Although there were various interpretations of Mao's words, and new interpretations were constantly emerging, people with various opinions all claimed that they were loyal to Mao."