佛教與馬克思主義的會通：評林秋梧的「革命佛學」

Integration of Buddhism and Marxism: on Lin Qiuwu's 'Revolutionary Buddhism'

20世紀20年代的「臺灣革命僧」林秋梧，將佛教與馬克思主義會通多打造出獨具特色的「革命佛學」。他一方面藉由對佛教的「二分」理解，區分出「出世」的「舊佛教」和「入世」的「新佛教」，進而通過對唯物史觀框架下上層建築作用的強調，指出「新佛教」是與馬克思主義同道的變革社會的積極力量，從而化解了佛教與馬克思主義宗教批判之間的矛盾；另一方面，經由佛教與馬克思主義的相互詮釋和各自改造，在「革命佛學」的「理想」、「方法」和「行動」上，分別將佛教馬克思主義化──提出「現世淨土」概念，將馬克思主義佛教化──主張「無抵抗的大抵抗主義」的方法，以及對二者進行相互詮釋和共同改造──力圖在臺灣建設一個「聯合的僧團」。分析和評述林秋梧的「革命佛學」，除了有助於釐清其內在理路，從而為一般的臺灣哲學研究作出貢獻；還可收穫對馬克思主義基礎理論及其在臺灣實踐之命運的若干反思。其中，主要包括「唯物史觀與道德的張力」問題、「理論與實踐之間的關係與界限」問題、「馬克思主義詮釋的標準」問題以及「馬克思主義在臺灣的實踐命運」問題等。

"Lin Qiuwu, a 'Taiwan revolutionary monk' in the 1920s, combined Buddhism with Marxism and created a unique 'Revolutionary Buddhism'. On the one hand, he distinguished the 'Old Buddhism' from the 'New Buddhism' by his 'dichotomy' understanding of Buddhism, and then pointed out that 'New Buddhism' was a positive power of social transformation in the same way as Marxism by emphasizing the role of superstructure under the base of historical materialism, thus resolving the contradiction between Buddhism and Marxist religious criticism. On the other hand, through the mutual interpretation and transformation of Buddhism and Marxism, in the 'ideal', 'method' and 'action' of 'revolutionary Buddhism', respectively, Buddhism is Marxisted - the concept of 'pure land in the world' is proposed, Marxism is buddhistized the method of 'great resistance without resistance' is advocated, and the two are interpreted and reformed together- trying to build a 'United Sangha' in Taiwan. Analyzing and commenting on Lin Qiuwu's 'Revolutionary Buddhism' will not only help to clarify its internal logic, but also contribute to the general study of Taiwan philosophy, and also gain some reflections on the fate of Marxist basic theory and its practice in Taiwan. Among them, it mainly includes the tension between historical materialism and morality, the relationship and boundary between theory and practice, the standard of Marxist Interpretation, and the practical fate of Marxism in Taiwan."