觀念、語言、權力：中國近代平等概念譬喻的政治再現

"Ideas, Language and Power: Conceptual Metaphor of Equality in Modern China"

本文主要研究目的，在於希望通過結合譬喻理論與觀念史研究方法的新視野，揭示中國近代知識分子如何透過平等的概念譬喻，去接受與傳播西方近代政治平等觀念的發展歷程。本文以清末民初重要的政治類報刊為研究對象，包含立憲派的《清議報》、《新民叢報》與革命派的《國民報》、《江蘇》、《民報》等。本文從概念譬喻理論方法出發，歸納出立憲派與革命派兩陣營主要使用的平等概念譬喻類型，並結合中國近代平等觀念史之研究成果，指出知識分子運用平等概念譬喻進行政治論述的功能及目的。根據本文考察結果，晚清知識分子伴隨著不同的政治立場，有著各自不同主軸的平等觀念與訴求。立憲派在君主立憲的主張下提出君民平等觀；革命派在推翻滿清的立場下提出滿漢平等觀。正是基於上述兩種類型的平等觀念，形成了不同的平等概念譬喻類型。勾勒出立憲派與革命派兩邊的平等譬喻類型，以及兩邊譬喻結構之間彼此相互對抗的政治權力傾軋軌跡，即為本文的主要研究結果。本文嘗試引入概念譬喻理論去深化觀念史研究方法，希望能進一步地揭示舊觀念如何經由譬喻的映射，協助推動新觀念傳播的過程。期盼此種綜合方法能有效推進觀念史與概念譬喻理論的協同發展，是為本文的實用價值與推廣前景所在。

"This study, by adopting a combination of the theory of metaphor and history of ideas, aims to explore the development process of how intellectuals in modern China received and spread the contemporary concept of equality from Western society through the conceptual metaphor of equality. The analysis of this study is based on crucial political newspapers around the end of the Qing Dynasty, including both constitutionalists and revolutionaries. This study, depending on the theory of metaphor, outlines the typology of conceptual metaphors used by the constitutionalists and revolutionaries. Based on the study outcomes regarding the history of ideas of equality in contemporary China, I indicate the functions and purposes the intellectuals used to conduct their political narratives through the conceptual metaphors. The results of this study show that the intellectuals in the late Qing had different themes and purposes of equality concept according to different political stands. The constitutionalists hold a stand that monarch and people are equal in consideration of the constitutional monarchy, while the revolutionaries hold a stand that Manchu and Han are equal in an account of overthrowing the Qing dynasty. Given the twofold equal concepts, the different metaphor types of equal emerged. The results of this study are mainly to outline the typology of equal metaphor from the constitutionalists and the revolutionaries and the structures of equal metaphor along with the trajectories of political battles between two sides. This study tries to introduce the theory of metaphor to deepen the methodology of history of ideas, looking forward to revealing how old ideas assist the spread of new ones through mapping of metaphor. It is expected that this comprehensive method can improve the mutual development between history of ideas and relevant metaphor theories, which is precisely the practical values and prospects of this study."