三教一道論之伏流──從明儒王道思想中見老子學與儒學交涉的思想史意義

Undercurrents of the Three Teachings as One: Interactions between Laozi and Confucianism from the Thought of Wang Dao

本文主要以生活在正德、嘉靖年間明儒王道的思想作為個案，考察其如何透過老子學的引入，展開學問的變化與轉關。王道思想約可分為前後期，前期在朱陸爭競視域下，密集並同時接受各家學，從陽明、朱子而至甘泉，轉益多師。後期自接觸老子學後，逐漸批判朱王等成，自成一家。王道不僅透過老子學的汲取，重新思索儒學重要議題。亦於老子詮釋中，融合儒學思維與當時新興的氣論，借《中庸》、《易傳》發明《老子》對道化創生的關注，化解時人對老子異端之疑，展現雙向交涉的軌跡。其對老子的重視與思考，不僅擴延至三教間的關係，開展「三教一道」的思想伏流，發晚明會通論者，又能打開良知學偏重心性之蔽，重視宇宙萬物的道化思維，提供探究晚明思想脈動的新視角。

"This article takes the thought of Ming Confucian Wang Dao 王道 (1487-1547), who lived during the reigns of the Zhengde and Jiajing emperors, as a case study to examine how the introduction of the study of Laozi is able to initiate changes and transitions in learning. The thought of Wang Dao can be roughly divided into an early and late stage: during the early stage, under the contestations between the Zhu 朱 and Lu 陸 schools, he simultaneously accepted and compressed the thinking of various schools, ranging from Yangmingism and Zhu Xi to Ganquan 甘泉; in the latter stage, after coming in contact with the teachings of Laozi, he gradually began criticizing Zhu Wang 朱王 and others, furthering his own thought and style. Wang Dao not only drew from the study of Laozi, but also rethought important issues of Confucianism. More specifically, within interpretations of Laozi, he fused Confucian thinking and newly emergent theories on qi of the time, and through the use of the Doctrine of the Mean 中庸 and Yizhuan 易傳, formulated the attention Laozi affords “transformations according to Dao” 道化, ultimately resolving contemporary concerns regarding Laozi and revealing a path for negotiations between the two sides. Wang Dao’s emphasis on and thought concerning Laozi not only extends to the relationship between the three teachings, but also develops the “three teachings as one” ideological trend, which inspired the generalists of the late Ming dynasty."