「文學」與「『文』學」──晚明胡應麟對金華詩文學術傳統的重省

“Literature” and “Cultural Learning”: Hu Yinglin’s Re-evaluation of Jinhua Literary and Scholarly Traditions in the Late Ming Dynasty

「金華學術」自南宋呂祖謙至明中葉章懋等以理學作為核心，乃中國古代學術一支重要流脈。地方史、思想史學者包弼德（Peter K. Bol）指出，金華學術到了明代萬曆年間已再次轉向，尤其學者胡應麟別樹博學考證一幟。胡應麟面對當世廢學輕文之流風，特意標舉「文以闡乎學，學以博乎文」之旨。他重新闡發「學」與「文」不同層次的涵義與相互關係，將儒學之「博文」範圍擴闊到諸種文獻冊籍與詩賦文章，從而將孔門之「『文』學」引申經、史、子、集之四部學問，統攝各種學術知識。以此為基礎，觀照胡應麟對金華的詩文學術傳統的重省，其所理解的金華文統已由「文學」視角置換道學核心；金華學統之端緒也從呂祖謙換作劉峻；金華「文獻」的涵義已從道學賢者變成才學之士；亦因如此，「小鄒魯」傳統也以「博文」為中心，上接「鄒魯」學統。這些對「學」與「文」，以至金華文化傳統的重新詮釋，正好為明清學術思想史補上以「文」為「學」的重要一筆。

"From the twelfth to sixteenth century, Neo-Confucianism was a major orientation within the intellectual culture of Jinhua 金華 represented by scholars such as Lü Zuqian 呂祖謙 (1137-1181) in the Southern Song and Zhang Mao 章懋 (1436-1521) in the mid-Ming dynasty, which has often been considered one of the many significant intellectual trends in pre-modern China. But as social and intellectual historian Peter K. Bol has pointed out, the intellectual pursuits of the Jinhua school changed during the reign of the Wanli emperor. Hu Yinglin 胡應麟 (1551-1602), in particular, advocated erudition and evidential scholarship. As opposed to his contemporaries who downplayed the importance of literary talent, Hu embraced the integration of wen 文 (belles lettres, also refers to “literature” or a “textual-cultural tradition”) and xue 學 (scholarly learning). Hu reinterpreted the relationship and interplay between the two intellectual branches, and incorporated the four categories-the Confucian classics, history, masters, and collections of belle lettres-under the Confucian concept wen- xue「文」學 (cultural learning). Adopting this as a foundation, Hu reflected upon local scholarly tradition and identified wenxue 文學 (literature) as the essence of Jinhua learning instead of Neo-Confucianism. By replacing Lü Zuqian with Liu Jun 劉峻 as the origin of local learning, the connotation of literary scholars within the local setting hence shifted from Neo-Confucians to persons of cultural talent, and using the concept of “broadening culture,” Hu linked the cultural traditions of Jinhua with that of Confucius’s hometown located in the state of Lu 魯. Through this re-evaluation of the nature and value of the study of belles lettres and erudition, as well as Jinhua scholarly traditions, the present paper aims to enhance our understanding of Ming intellectual history."