屬辭比事：《左傳》「衛惠公出奔齊」的敘事模式

Chronicle Composition: Narrative Techniques of “Wei Hui Gong’s Expedition to Qi” in Zuo Zhuan

本文回歸《左傳》自身的「屬辭比事」系統，從每則傳文的本事切入，抽繹出類比相關事件的「屬辭」，再從「屬辭」作為關鍵樞軸，集合為大小深淺不同的敘事模式，形成局部與整體的內部關係。研究對象以《左傳》「衛惠公出奔齊」為主，屬辭「烝」、「取之」，比事「某烝某」、「為之聘（娶）於某，公取之」之敘事模式，包含衛宣公烝夷姜、晉獻公烝齊姜、連尹襄老之子黑烝夏姬、衛宣公取齊女宣姜、楚平王取秦女嬴氏等，印證《左傳》遵循《春秋》筆削取捨、詳略互見之大凡，歷史敘事不受制於編年體裁，各敘事模式參錯相間，賓主相形，合成為完整的敘事模式系統。而這些敘事模式相互承擔著發明啟示的功能，除了可提舉出「嬖寵奪嫡」的資鑑史義，又能歸聚成「明德慎罰」的《春秋》經法。由此確立《左傳》「屬辭比事」能使「義理」自然無形地崁入「事件」，提挈出的「義理」又以「事件」提供的線索為基礎，不會造成事、義之間的罅漏，充分體現《春秋》言論載於行事之深切著明。

"This article put the focuses back to the chronicle composition of “Zuo Zhuan” by extracting analogous keywords to related events, and then putting together narratives of different sizes and depths around the keywords, forming an internal relationship between the parts and the whole. The main subject of the research is the story “Wei Hui Gong’s Expedition to Qi” in “Zuo Zhuan,” where keywords include “fornication” (烝) and “take it” (取之), whose corresponding event narratives include “someone engaged in fornication with someone” and “introduce someone to marry him, and he take it.” For example, Wei Xuan Gong engaged in fornication with Yi Jiang, Jin Xian Gong engaged in fornication with Qi Jiang, Lian Yin Xiang Lau’s son Hei engaged in fornication with Xia Ji, Wei Xuan Dong took Xuan Jiang from Qi, and Chuping King took Ying from Qin, etc. This proves that “Zuo Zhuan” referred to many general principles of “Chunqiu” in terms of the choice of words and manifestation of character details. The history narrative is not limited to the chronological form. Various narrative methods are intertwined, with subjects and objects complementing each other, forming a comprehensive narrative system. These narrative methods each assume the function of inspiration and enlightenment. In addition to mentioning the historical meaning of “fighting for power and position,” the narratives can also be integrated into the “Chun Qiu” classics of “respect morality and be careful of penalty.” Therefore, it is established that “Zuo Zhuan” can naturally embed “morals” into “events,” and the “morals” extracted is based on the clues provided by the “events,” so there would not be loopholes between the events and the morals, which fully manifests that arguments are profoundly carried in the events in “Chunqiu.” ."