論商標使用行為的獨立性

On the Independence of Trademark Use

商標使用行為是《商標法》中的基礎概念，對商標使用行為獨立性的不同認識直接導致產生了一些重要類案的不同裁判及學理中的爭議觀點。商標使用行為在商標侵權判斷過程中不僅具有要件性，而且具有前置性。商標使用行為具有實質性，應當圍繞《商標法》第48條展開教義學闡釋，揭示商標使用中''商業性''和''識別性''的內在要素。商標使用行為具有要件性，應當以商標的本質屬性及商標權的消極權屬性為基礎，探討商標使用對直接侵權和間接侵權的區分意義，分析商標使用在《商標法》第57條和第13條商標侵權中的要件價值。通過剖析商標使用、混淆可能性、正當使用抗辯三者的不同價值，闡述商標使用在商標侵權結構中的前置地位。商標使用行為獨立性的認識涉及商標的本質屬性、商標權的性質和商標權的範圍等基本問題，對科學裁判''定牌加工''和''關鍵詞競價排名''等案件具有較大意義。

"The one-sided understanding of the basic categories of trademark use has directly led to conflicting judgments in some important cases and long-term academic debates. Trademark use is not only essential but also prerequisite in the process of trademark infringement. The trademark use is substantive. A doctrinal interpretation should be developed around Article 48 of the Trademark Law, revealing the inherent elements of ''commerciality'' and ''identification'' in trademark use. The trademark use is essential. It should be based on the essential attributes of trademarks and the attributes of negative rights of trademark rights, explore the trademark use as a standard for distinguishing direct infringement and indirect infringement, and analyze the essential value of trademark use in trademark infringement in Article 57 and Article 13 of the Trademark Law. By analyzing the different values of trademark use, the likelihood of confusion, and the defense of legitimate use, the prerequisite position of trademark use in the structure of trademark infringement is explained. The understanding of the independence of trademark use involves basic issues such as the essential attributes of trademarks, the nature of trademark rights, and the scope of trademark rights, and is of great significance to the correct judgment of related cases."