多數人之債的訴訟構造與程序規則

The Litigation Structure and Procedural Rules for Plural Debtors and Creditors

《民法典》對多數人之債的實體效力作出規定，需要民事共同訴訟制度予以回應。我國《民事訴訟法》以''訴訟標的共同或同一種類''作為共同訴訟的類型化標準，既無法涵蓋多數人之債的所有實體情形，也不符合民事訴訟程序的運作邏輯。訴訟構造通過原告起訴而搭建。與多數人之債的外部關係相一致，債權人可以選擇向多個債務人一併提出訴訟請求，由此搭建訴的合併構造。目前零散規定於《民事訴訟法》中的訴的合併制度存在實體要件過於嚴格、相關程序要件缺失等問題。有必要建立合併審理制度的要件框架，明確合併審理的實體要件與程序要件的內容及其相互關系，為訴的合併制度提供良好的程序保障。

"The PRC Civil Code stipulates the substantive validity of the plural debtors and creditors, which requires a response from the system of joinder of parties. The Civil Procedure Law takes the common or the same type of the subject matter of a civil claim as the typified standard of joinder of parties, which can neither cover all the substantive circumstances of the plurality of debtors and creditors nor conform to the operational logic of the litigation procedure. The litigation structure is built through the plaintiff’s filing. Consistent with the external substantive validity of the plurality of debtors, the creditor can choose to file a lawsuit against multiple debtors, thereby building a consolidation structure of proceedings. At present, several consolidations of proceedings stipulated in the Civil Procedure Law have too strict substantive requirements and lack relevant procedural requirements. It is necessary to establish the constitutive framework of joint trial system, to clarify the content and relationship between the substantive and procedural elements, and to provide a good procedural guarantee for the system of consolidations of proceedings."