語氣副詞「總」的用法及成因

The Usages and Formation of the Modal Adverb Zong

現代漢語語氣副詞「總」可表多種語氣，且帶有量級和讓步特性。學界過去均認為其語氣用法源自持續義時間副詞，本文則透過歷史考察指出「總」的語氣用法實源自總括副詞，是蘊含無條件讓步關係而造成的演變。此種關係含納甚廣，不但可以解釋「總」在語氣上的多樣性以及量級和讓步特性，也能說明「總」和若干近義功能詞的異同，像是「無論如何」、「怎麼說」、「畢竟」類副詞、反義複合語氣副詞「反正」、「好歹」、「多少」等，以及英語的語氣副詞anyway。

"In Mandarin, the modal adverb zong總can indicate multiple moods and has scalar and concessive properties. It is widely accepted that the modal adverb zong originated from the temporal adverb meaning“continuously;”however, based on a diachronic examination, this article demonstrates that it actually originated from the universal quantifier adverb and that the change in its usage started when the adverb began to be used in universal concessive conditional clauses. This kind of complex sentence, from which zong has obtained multiple mood usages and also scalar and concessive properties, is quite complicated. Based on our observations, the similarities and differences between zong and other related adverbs, such as wulunruhe無論如何, zenmeshuo怎麼說, bijing畢竟type adverbs, adverbs composed of antonyms like fanzheng反正, haodai好歹and duoshao多少, as well as anyway in English, can also be explained."