美甲作業場所，空氣中有害污染物之濃度調查研究

Determinations of Airborne Pollutants in Nail Salons

近年來，在國內街道上隨處可見美髮、美容等類型的商店林立。依據行政院主計處統計，以民國100年為例，美髮及美容美體產業的生產總額與民國85年相比成長了1.6倍，可見這個行業充滿了勃勃生機；而其中，美甲也越來越受人們重視，相關工作室亦如雨後春筍般地出現。雖然國內估計約有超過6萬的美容相關從業人員，但與美甲作業相關的職業衛生狀況可供參考的資料極為有限。因此，本研究調查美甲作業場所空氣中有害污染物的濃度，以提供未來擬定相關管理策略之參考。本研究以主動採樣幫浦搭配採樣管，針對美國職業安全衛生署（US OSHA）於2012年所列出的美甲業可能存在之11項化學有害物質進行空氣採樣與分析；而樣本經溶劑脫附後，使用氣相層析質譜儀進行分析。本研究於主動式空氣採樣期間，亦同時以總揮發性有機物（Total Volatile Organic Compounds; TVOCs）、甲醛等直讀式儀器監測環境濃度。本研究共完成12間美甲作業場所的訪視，並針對其中10家美甲作業場所進行空氣採樣；結果顯示，大多數的美甲店屬於較密閉的空間，且二氧化碳濃度偏高。美甲業於使用特定產品時，其TVOCs濃度會瞬間拉高；而若作業場所無適當的通風排氣設備，便可能造成污染物的累積。主動式空氣採樣的結果發現，11項有害物質皆可被測出（包括：丙酮、乙腈、乙酸丁酯、鄰苯二甲酸二丁酯、乙酸乙酯、甲基丙烯酸乙酯、甲醛、乙酸異丙酯、甲基丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸甲酯及甲苯等）；而除了甲醛以外，其餘物質的濃度皆低於1/10容許暴露標準（Permission Exposure Limits; PELs）。不論使用直讀式儀器或主動式採樣，在所有的美甲店皆可檢測出甲醛，且部份採樣點之濃度範圍為PEL之2-3.17倍，顯示美甲業的潛在甲醛暴露問題值得進一步關注。綜合本研究的結果，建議美甲作業場所應加強室內整體換氣，並加裝局部排氣設備來降低美甲作業區的有害物濃度；同時，亦建議使用合適的個人防護具。另外，美甲業者於選用各式產品前，建議應詳細閱讀產品標籤，以避免使用含甲醛或甲醛釋放物之產品，並定期監測作業場所之有害物質濃度，以降低員工的相關健康風險。

"Beauty salon is a fast growing industry in Taiwan recently. According to the statistical data available from the Executive Yuan, the gross domestic product (GDP) in 2011 from beauty salon has increased 160% when compared with what it was in 1996. Among them, nail salon causes people's attention since it can be found almost everywhere on the street. In terms of occupational health, concerns have been raised regarding the possible exposures of various hazards in nail salon. In addition, there is no data for the airborne concentration of the associated chemicals. In this study, walk-through survey was carried out for 12 different nail salons. Besides, field air samplings were performed at 10 nail salons. Air samplings were conducted by active sampling pumps with sampling tubes and analysis on 11 hazardous chemicals listed by the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (US OSHA) in the nail industry in 2012. In addition, the environmental concentration was also monitored by direct reading instruments, including the measurements of total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) and formaldehyde. It was found that most of the nail salons were located in enclosed space, and the concentrations of CO_2 were relatively high. Besides, when certain products were applied, the concentration of TVOCs rose instantaneously. As for active air sampling, 11 hazardous chemicals were detected in different salons. Among them, formaldehyde was detected in all nail salons, and the concentrations were 2.7-4.2 times higher than the permissible exposure limits (PELs) at some salons. The findings indicate that the possible exposures of formaldehyde for workers in nail salons deserve further attentions. Besides formaldehyde, the concentrations of 10 other substances were lower than 1/10 PELs. To lower the levels of exposures, it is suggested that the nail salons should improve the ventilation efficiency and increase the air exchange rates. In addition, wearing proper personal protective equipment is also important to lower the possible health risk. Besides, using products which contain formaldehyde or formaldehyde releasers should be avoided. In addition, it is suggested that the concentrations of airborne hazardous chemicals should be monitored periodically."