牙璋、銅鼓與絲綢貿易──中國與越南的三條交通路線

"Yazhang, Bronze Drums, and the Silk Trade: Three Commercial Routes between China and Vietnam"

中國與越南在歷史發展的過程中有三條主要的交通路線，分別為從廣西至越南的桂越道、從雲南至越南的滇越道及海上絲路，這三條路線分別反映出不同的中越歷史關係。中國的考古發掘，出土了許多與越南地區有共同特色的文物，例如牙璋，從牙璋及其他相似的出土文物，可以循線建構出中國與越南自古以來的交通路線：自殷商時期便已開始。至秦始皇帝開鑿靈渠，唐武后開相思埭，中國政治勢力逐步進入越南，移民也隨著政治勢力的擴張移入。桂越道可以說是中國政治力影響越南的一條路線。東山銅鼓是越南早期文明的重要表徵，而中國大西南地區也有銅鼓，如從與“銅鼓”有關的地名進行研究，可以發現從銅鼓的分佈，可以找出中國大西南地區與越南民族之間的來往關係。滇越道可以說是中國越南底層民族之間交往的一條交通路線。中國淮河以下的百越民族，善駛舟楫，自春秋時代的吳越至十九世紀的安南艇匪所構成的海洋文化，一直都反映出百越民族在海洋文化上的共通性，漢代完成的海上絲路，標明了中國與越南之間海上的聯繫。這一條路線，也是從漢馬援、路博德至唐高駢、明俞大猷軍事征服越南時的重要路線；也是中國內部發生動亂的時候，浮桴于海的路線，故而，這是一條商貿、軍事與移民的路線。由以上三條交通路線，可以建立中國與越南全面的歷史關係。

"During historical development, three main routes threaded trade activities between China and Vietnam: the Guiyue route between Guangxi and Vietnam, the Dianyue route between Yunan and Vietnam, and the maritime Silkroad. The three routes reflect different aspects of the historical relationship between China and Vietnam.Archeological excavations in China and Vietnam yielded many artifacts with commonly shared traits. The yazhang, for instance, can be used to reconstruct the long-term patterns of trade and commerce between China and Vietnam, and together with other similar archaeological finds, one could assert that such long-distance trading activities began as early as the Yin and Shang Dynasties. With the opening of the Linqu canal by Qinshihuang and the Guiliu canal by Wuzetian, the Guiyue route has formed a vital pathway from which Chinese political power influenced Vietnamese historical development.While the Dongshan bronze drum is a representative artifact of early Vietnamese civilization, such drums are also found in the southwestern regions of China. An inquiry into topographical nomenclatures related to the bronze drums would find that the distribution pattern of such drums seems to be correlated with the pattern of interaction between the communities of southwestern China and Vietnam. The Dianyue route can perhaps be understood as the sum of fundamental, ordinary interactions between most communities across the landscape.The Baiyue ethnic groups south of the Huai River in China were skilled in sailing. The maritime culture shaped by the Kingdom of Wu during the Spring and Autumn period down to the Annam bandits of the nineteenth century reflects the common maritime culture of the Baiyue. The Maritime Silkroad that existed since the Han Dynasty further marked a clear connection between China and Vietnam. This route was used for Chinese expeditions against Vietnam, such as those by Ma Yuan and Lu Bode in the Han Dynasty, Gao Pian in the Tang Dynasty, and Yu Dayou in the Ming Dynasty. It was also the lifeline for many exiles and refugees during times of unrest in China. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive view of the historical relationship between China and Vietnam by attempting a synthesis of the three routes discussed above."