論非法人組織的泛主體化及其教義學回正──兼論合手原理的引入與限度

非法人組織內涵的高度空心化，不可避免地引起主體泛化。權利能力與行為能力制度同樣適用於第三民事主體，但應當予以必要的重述。權利能力並非概念空殼，權利能力與主體也並非同義反復。權利能力的內涵是意志，行為能力的內涵是理性，理性是意志的特別法。自然人成為主體的要義在於獨立意志，組織成為主體的關鍵在於意志獨立，而意志獨立已經進入理性範疇，故而對於組織而言，權利能力與行為能力重疊。非法人組織區隔於法人的內在結構同一性，在於意志獨立方式不同。德國法上的合手原理，去掉日耳曼法元素後，可茲借鑒。不僅不應當將合夥從非法人組織排除，相反，恰恰應當以合夥作為非法人組織的一般法，橫向上與法人相區隔，縱向上以之為元規則漸次衍生、型塑甚至類推適用於各類其他非法人組織。以合夥為內涵的非法人組織，給實踐中的疑難主體問題提供了更開放的解釋空間，教義學上回正主體泛化趨勢的同時，也使主體法上的雙重二元結構得以證立。

The hollowing out of the connotation of the unincorporated organization inevitably leads to the over-generalization of these organizations. The system of capacity of right and capacity of conduct is also applicable to the third civil subject, but it should be restated as necessary. Right capacity is not an empty shell of concept, nor is it tautology with subject. The connotation of the right capacity is the will, the connotation of the behavior capacity is the reason, and the reason is the special law of the will. The essence of natural person becoming the subject lies in independent will, and the key of organization becoming the subject lies in independent will, which has already entered the rational category. Therefore, for organizations, right ability and behavior ability overlap. The internal structural identity between the unincorporated organization and the legal person lies in the different ways of independent will. After removing the Germanic elements, we can draw lessons from the Germanic principle. On the contrary, the general law of partnership as an unincorporated organization should be adopted, which is separated from the legal person horizontally and derived, formed, molded and even analogized to other kinds of unincorporated organizations vertically. The unincorporated organization with partnership as its connotation provides a more open space for interpretation of the problematic subject in practice, which not only reverses the general trend of the subject in the doctrine, but also justifies the dual structure of the subject law.