社會科學中關於「概念」的測量──以國家認同概念的測量為例

The Measurement of“Concept'' in Social Science-An example of the Measurement of National Identity Based on its Concept

解嚴後的臺灣，國家認同爭議逐漸浮上檯面，政府、政黨與學術社群競相投入此一課題的研究，其中以調查研究方法進行之論文甚多。在各調查研究中，「統一／獨立」、「臺灣人／中國人」及「國家要素」三種問式，為最常被用來作為測量國家認同的工具，本文試圖從國家認同的相關概念，探討此三種問式的發展及有待商榷之處。在理論面向，藉由學者間對於國家、認同及國家認同相關概念的探討，以及國家認同究係工具式(instrumental)理性思考，抑或是原生式(primordial)情感歸屬的爭辯，進而藉由相關理論以探討國家認同態度的形成。在臺灣現實環境面向，則延伸政治社會化理論，探討形成臺灣國家認同分歧的重要因素。本文研究結果認為，國家認同不可能不帶任何理性考量的成份，「統獨六分類」雖受兩岸武力與經濟等現實條件影響甚大，但藉由不同條件問句的運用，可以同時呈現純粹理念及混雜現實考量的二種國家認同面貌。「臺灣人／中國人」問式，從概念上及受訪者文字的理解上來看，應較偏向「族群認同」的概念，以之測量國家認同似有不宜。「國家要素」問式雖然亦有概念上及受訪民眾理解上的問題，但受兩岸現實條件之影響小，在游盈隆、劉義周及陸委會等三種不同問式中，陸委會的問式整合了其他兩種問式的優點，比較適合用來測量國家認同的概念。

After the abolishment of the Martial Law, the controversy of national identity arose gradually in Taiwanese society. Governments, political parties, and academic community researched a lot on the identity issue and presented plenty of papers by using survey research.“Unification / Independence”“Taiwanese/ Chinese”and“State Elements”are the three patterns of the questionnaire commonly-used to measure national identity. This paper tries to investigate the related concepts of national identity and the developments of the above three patterns of questionnaire. In the theoretical dimension, this paper investigates the concepts of nation, identity and national identity. Then it focuses on the debate on whether national identity is an instrumentally rational thinking or a primordially emotional attribution. This paper also involves the formation of people's attitudes to national identity in terms of related theories. In Taiwanese realistic environment dimension, this paper extends political socialization theory in order to investigate the important factors of the diversities of national identity in Taiwan. According to the results of this research, national identity cannot be achieved without any composition of rational thinking. Although the Six-Category Measurement of Preferences on the Unification-Independence Issue is affected by realistic conditions, such as military force and economy between the both sides, we can present the pure idea and practical consideration of national identity at the same time by using condition questions. The concept of the questions of“Taiwanese/ Chinese”is similar to that of“Ethnic Identity”in the comprehension of people. So these questions are not proper for us to measure the concept of national identity. Although the“State Elements”questions are also affected by the interviewees' comprehension, those questions are still affected a little bit by the real conditions between the both sides. In the three different patterns of the questionnaire developed by You Yng-Long(游盈隆)、Liu I-chou (劉義周) and Mainland Affair Council, the questionnaire developed by Mainland Affair Council is suitable for us to survey the concept of national identity, because these questions integrate the advantages of the other two patterns of questions.