北宋詩人筆下的安史之亂

The Opinions of An Shi Zhi Luan through Historical Odes in Northern Song Dynasty

北宋人作詠史詩的難處，往往是不只要在「史書」之外別生眼目，更須迴避唐代詠史大家陰影，不能走唐人的後路。惟「安史之亂」在唐代尚未成為「史事」，而於宋代卻無疑可入詠史詩，對宋人著實為一個特殊的題材。因此，透過觀察這類詩作，比起諸葛亮、項羽等在唐代即已為熱門歌詠對象的主題，顯然更能幫助我們探討宋人在受唐人「陰影」相對較小的情況下，於詩歌中面對亂世的史觀。本文以北宋「安史之亂」相關詩作為研究材料，分為「致亂成因」與「亂世忠臣」兩條進路，從而發現在「致亂成因」方面，北宋詩人多不持「紅顏禍水」的說法，也不將致亂的主要責任歸罪於楊國忠、李林甫等當時奸臣，在他們眼中，唐玄宗的奢侈敗德才是真正的禍根，這也導致了玄宗在北宋詩歌中往往成為被嘲諷、揶揄的對象。至於「亂世忠臣」的部分，則以張巡、許遠和顏真卿為歌詠大宗，郭子儀作為位極人臣的名將，卻反而不受詩人重視。由此可見，對北宋詩人而言，以身殉國的忠臣氣節，其地位顯然要遠遠高於平亂名將的彪炳戰功。此一特色恰可呼應當時強調「重建道德」的訴求，見得詠史詩與時代背景的密切關聯

An Shi Zhi Luan（安史之亂）was a rebellion caused by AN, LU-SHAN（安祿山）and SHI, SI-MING（史思明）, which led to the deterioration of Tang Dynasty. This paper will explore the opinions of An Shi Zhi Luan in Northern Song poetry. I will investigate this issue from two perspectives, including the causes that led to the chaos and the loyal chancellors facing the renegades. In the former part, I found that most of the Northern Song poets considered neither YANG, YU-HUAN（楊玉環）nor LI, LIN-FU（李林甫）and YANG, GUO-ZHONG（楊國忠）to be the causes of the chaos. By contrast, the poets usually believed that Emperor XUAN-ZHONG（唐玄宗）had to take responsibility for the chaos. Furthermore, XUAN-ZHONG even became a target blamed severely in Northern Song poetry. In the latter part, an important discovery was that few poets praised GUO, ZI-YI（郭子儀）, who was one of the most important generals in Tang Dynasty. Instead, most of them regarded ZHANG, XUN（張巡）and XU, YUAN（許遠）as real heroes, because those two were brave and loyal enough to sacrifice their life when fighting against enemies. Through the discussions above, I claim that most of the Northern Song poets blamed XUAN-ZHONG for An Shi Zhi Luan; in other words, they didn't agree with historians who attributed the fall of kingdoms to femme fatale. Additionally, in Northern Song poets' opinions, the moral principle of the chancellors were undoubtedly much more important than outstanding military service of the generals.