中國鄉村扶貧中非營利部門的發展與轉型：秦玥飛和他的「黑土麥田」

The Development and Transformation of the Non-Profit Organization in China's Rural Poverty Alleviation: Qin Yue-fei and his“Serve for China”

本文以秦玥飛和他的「黑土麥田」團隊為案例，將其置入中國鄉村扶貧的發展脈絡中，思考其如何在國家的主導下浮現？以及之後又為何推動項目商業化轉型？又為何在轉型過程中遭遇危機和困境？本文認為，「黑土麥田」作為非營利部門之所以得到國家支持、進入鄉村扶貧的場域，是因應了過去純然由國家主導的政策失效，也是轉向謀求市場紅利的開始。而其之後選擇激進的「項目商業化」改革，則是進一步納入市場競逐和篩選機制，淘汰沒有市場潛力的鄉村扶貧項目和駐村「創客」。由此而引發的「創客」抗爭，實屬長期仰賴國家扶持的鄉村扶貧與非營利部門、在納入市場機制後遭遇的正當性危機。「黑土麥田」的爭議事件有助於進一步檢視，中國鄉村扶貧中的非營利部門掙紮於國家引導與市場競逐之間，這也為投身扶貧事業的青年帶來諸多實踐的困境。但本文也不認為避免國家主導、完善市場機制便可以解決危機，相反，更需要回到鄉村在地脈絡，建立長效的村民培力和產業孵化。

This article takes Qin Yue-fei and his“Serve for China”team as an example, and discusses how they emerge with the support of the state in the context of poverty alleviation in rural China? Why this team then promote the commercial transformation of the project? And why they encounter crises in the process of transformation? This article argues that the reason why Serve for China as a non-profit organization supported by the state participates in the field of poverty alleviation is because of the failure of the state-led policies and the beginning of seeking market profits. Afterwards, the radical“project commercialization”reform is to further incorporate market competition mechanisms to eliminate projects and village-based“Makers”that have no market potential. Since then, the resistance of“Makers”is a legitimation crisis encountered by the state-led rural poverty alleviation and non-profit organizations in the process of promoting market mechanism. This case helps to further examine the fact that the non-profit organization for China's rural poverty alleviation struggles between state-led development and market competition, which also causes practical difficulties for people engaged in poverty alleviation. However, this article does not argue that the establishment of a market mechanism instead of leading by state can solve the crisis. Rather, it is more necessary to focus on the local context of the village and establish long-term villager empowerment and industrial incubation.