語料庫為本之西英中三語研究：關係子句結構之分析

Contrastive Analysis on Relative Clauses in Spanish, English and Chinese: A Corpus-Based Approach

本論文以西班牙語關係子句結構為主要對象，採用語料庫為本的研究法，利用現有的三語平行和三個個別的單語語料庫，分別從語意和結構方面，進行西英中跨語言關係子句之對比分析。透過現有資源，整合不同類型語料庫之語料剖析，以期獲致系統性探究語言間相似程度或彼此差異之目的。研究結果包括：1.語料庫為本的研究法顯示平行語料庫凸顯了對等語意下跨語言結構使用之異同；而個別的單語語料庫則呈現特定結構在單一語言中高頻類型的分佈趨勢。兩種語料庫類型的語料分析提供語言使用更全面的樣態。2.跨語言的語料分析結果顯示高頻率、易習得之西文和英文「主要子句受詞－關係子句主詞」的組合結構中主要和關係子句的詞序皆為「主詞－動詞－受詞」，但低頻率、不易習得的「受詞－受詞」組合在關係子句中則是「受詞－動詞」詞序倒裝的線性結構。但前一結構對應至中文之關係化主詞與核心受詞的距離遠，預期語意理解的信息處理較難；而後一結構關係化受詞與核心受詞的距離近，信息處理相較容易。本論文透過不同語言間關係子句的異同對第二外語習得進行可能變數之探討，期待研究結果有助於未來實證分析及習得與教學應用之參考。

This paper focused on the relative clause of complex sentences with a corpus-based method, using the resources and functions of existing trilingual parallel corpus and single language corpora in Chinese, English and Spanish. It contrasted the structures of relative clauses from syntactic and semantic perspectives with the purpose of assessing systematically the similarities and differences among these three languages. The research results showed (1) The results of the contrastive analysis in the trilingual parallel corpus demonstrated differences in structure when the meanings of sentences held the same across the three languages. Furthermore, the analysis of a single language corpus enabled us to reveal the frequency of uses of certain relative clause structures. (2) The high-frequency ''Object in main clause + Subject in relative clause'' structure, also an early acquired feature for L2 learners, all demonstrated the order of SVO in both main and relative clauses in Spanish and in English. The low-frequency ''O + 0'' structure, also late acquired form for L2 learners, showed OV order in relative clauses. Considering their corresponding structures in Chinese, it is suggested that the farther the distance between the relative subject pronouns and the object of the main clause, the harder it is for L3 learners to comprehend, and vice versa.