自然人與法人的權利能力對於法人本質特徵的追問

個體與共同體的關係是民事主體理論與制度的核心內容。市民社會將個體與共同體的積極聯繫委於任意，對於人格體之理性提出了超過以往任何社會的期待和要求。在此背景下，權利能力取代人格，構建個體與共同體的關係，並成為承載人格體理性能力的概念。為了克服生物人意志天賦不均的結構性障礙，法學通過行為能力概念在具體經驗領域判斷具體的理性能力，維持了權利能力概念承載抽象理性能力的功能。生物人扮演組織角色的可能性，使得組織可以生物人獨佔的意志為基礎，從生物人的不自由中獲得自身的自由。與自然人需要不斷磨礪自己在法律交往中的目的導向理性能力不同，法人需要磨礪的是其相對於自然人所取得的獨立性。法人相對於自然人的獨立性是其內在自由的外顯或「定在」，法人權利能力的核心構造將圍繞此種獨立性而展開。

The relationship between individuals and the community is the core of the theory and system of civil subjects. Civil society leaves the positive relationship between individuals and the society to the autonomy of individuals, thus placing a higher demand on the individual rationality than any other societies in existence before the modern times. In this context, the concept of civil capacity for right, in place of personality, is used to construct the relationship between individuals and the society and bear the notion of the rationality of person. To conquer the structural obstacle of the uneven of the talented will of men, the concept of capacity for act is put forward to judge the concrete rationality of a natural person in concrete circumstances, thereby preserving the function of the concept of capacity for right to bear the abstract rationality. The probability of a man to play the role of an organization enables the organization to get its own freedom based on the will monopolized by men. While a natural person should always cultivate his object-oriented rationality in the legal transactions, what the legal person should cultivate is his independence relative to the natural person, which is the Dasein of its inner freedom. The core of the capacity for right of legal person should focus on such independence.