西安博物院北周佛頭的修復與保護研究

Restoration and Protection of a Buddhist Sculpture from the Northern Zhou Dynasty in Xi’an Museum

通過對保存於西安博物院的北周石質佛頭實地調查，全面掌握了這批佛頭的現存狀況和主要病害，病害主要有表面覆蓋泥土和土鏽、覆蓋堅硬沉積物以及因鹽分運移導致的泛白等；採用XRD、SEM等分析儀器，分析了土鏽、表面沉積物、鹽分的主要成分以及產生這些病害的原因。在研究和總結佛像類石質文物的保護材料、保護原理、保護方法和保護工藝的基礎上，制訂了切實可行的、針對性強的修復與保護方案：建立修復檔案→佛頭表面泥土的清洗和土鏽的去除→鬆土劑清除沉積層→多層紙張貼敷法脫鹽→甲基丙烯酸甲酯滲透加固和表面封護。通過反覆實驗，嚴格規範、仔細操作，對這批佛頭進行了修復與保護，達到了展出和保護的要求，取得滿意效果。

An investigation was conducted on a stone Buddhist head sculpture from the Northern Zhou Dynasty which is currently stored in Xi’an museum. From this evaluation a comprehensive understanding of the condition of the object was obtained, including problems arising from soil encrustation with hard sediments that covered on the surface of Buddhist head and efflorescence caused by salt movement. Using XRD, SEM, the composition of the problem sediments, which were a calcareous clay containing iron oxide, and salts were analyzed. Based on a summary of the sculpture’s materials and the principles of stone conservation methods a practical and targeted restoration program was developed. The approach was as follows: documentation→removal of oxide encrustation→wet cleaning using sodium hexametaphosphate poultices→desalination by paper poultices wetted with RO water and monitored by conductivity meter→using polymethylmethacrylate to consolidate and protect the surface. Through repeated practice, strict standards and careful execution, we have restored a group of Buddhist head sculptures, and finally achieved satisfactory results for conservation and exhibition.