大國疫苗外交的推進： 東南亞區域的疫情地緣政治

The Pushing of Vaccine Diplomacy among Great Powers: The Geopolitics of the Covid-19 Pandemic in the Southeast Asia

新型冠狀病毒肺炎自2020年初爆發，全球染疫總數已逾1.8億人，死亡人數迫近400萬，諸國採取鎖國封城，經過年餘，全球經濟重創，百業蕭條。隨著疫苗問世，出現疫苗搶購的熱潮，當美國、歐盟國家各自圈購疫苗之際，中國、俄羅斯、印度等已如火如荼向開發中國家援贈、推介國產疫苗，涵蓋印太、中南美、中東、非洲等區域，疫苗已等同國家安全戰略物資，供需關係形塑新的大國賽局，疫苗外交於焉興盛。東協為大國疫苗外交交鋒的戰略區域，這與地緣政治息息相關。面對歐美仍疲於因應本國疫情，中、俄兩國持續對各地輸送疫苗，這已引起美國拜登新政府及歐盟的關切，特別針對中國疫苗外交大旗高舉，企圖藉此建立全球公衛與科學領導地位及擴張在中美競爭區域的影響力，而第二波、第三波疫情爆發、升高，全球疫苗競賽成形。隨著美國重整全球外交秩序，強化印太聯盟擴大地緣政治影響力，投入疫苗防衛戰。疫苗外交已成為大國地緣戰略競爭的延伸。本文將探討大國如何透過疫苗輸送，發揮軟實力之效，並強化、鞏固在東協的地緣戰略，而東協各國回應呈現外交與公衛決策的辯證關係。

The novel coronavirus（Covid-19）pandemic has affected nearly every country on earth and caused more than 180+ million people affected worldwide, with nearly 4 million deaths. With the birth of vaccine, inoculation comes to the last resort to the cease of global rising infections and deteriorating economy. The efforts in securing vaccines are made with full might by any affected countries. Vaccinating the world against COVID-19 comes to one of mankind's most critical non-wartime efforts ever. The year 2021 will be designed for focusing on vaccines and the hope of a return to normalcy. While the vaccine turns out a form of strategic resources for national security, how to obtain a significant number of doses for effective inoculation enters the agenda of international security. The vaccine supply-demand relationship is projecting a diplomatic significance as vaccine valued as one diplomatic currency. As the United States and other developed countries are struggling against the unchecked pandemic and for procuring and hoarding mainstream vaccines, China, Russia, and India are otherwise delivering out millions of vaccines to developing areas under the guidance of "vaccine diplomacy," employed as an extension of their soft power and geopolitical strategy, ushering the outset of race. With the return of America building a strategic alliance against China's expansion and dominance, the Southeast Asia area is becoming one of the heated strategic competition amid big powers to exercise their vaccine diplomacy for goals of soft and hard power mixed. This essay explores how the vaccine-diplomacy race amid great powers is taking shaping along the geopolitical strategy in the Southeast Asia area and the vaccine policy making among ASEAN nation between public and political calculation.