從《文心雕龍．史傳》論史學之於文學的意義

How Historiography Influences Literature-Taking ''Historical Biography'' in Wen Xin Diau Lung as an Example

本文以《文心雕龍》〈史傳〉為核心，說明六朝學術雖各趨獨立分部，但文、史二學間仍有實質的互動，從劉勰文論來看，更能發現史學對於文學創作，具有影響與意義。大抵可從三點來說。其一，充沛的歷史學識，乃史家與文家所必須，文家在寫作文章時，特別是奏、議這類應用性甚強的文體，尤應善用古代事典，不僅能裨益作品深度，更期能借古鑑今，成就事功。其二，劉勰認為傳體雖發源於《左傳》，義本在闡釋輔助經典，但自《史記》之後，「史」與「傳」相連結，進一步形成以敘人記事為特色的「紀（記）傳」，「紀（記）傳」創作雖為史學之事，但濡染及論、序、贊、評及碑、誄、銘、弔等文體，這些體類也因皆涉及人事敘述及褒貶評價，故格外被要求以「覈要」之規範。其三，質、文這對批評觀念，早見於班彪父子對《史記》的批評，意指史籍「語言形象」的華麗或質樸，但至六朝《文心雕龍》，則轉變為對文學作品「內容事義」與「辭采聲律」的指涉。劉勰不僅用以評論文學作品外，亦以之批評史籍《漢書》、《三國志》，而提出有別於傳統的新解。凡此三項，皆可看出史學之於文學的意義。

This article takes Wen Xin Diau Lung as an example to discuss the fusion of historiography and literature. Although the essay and history are different genres in the Six Dynasties, however, it can be found that they, in fact, influence each other. Liu Xie's literary theory work Wen Xin Diau Lung can provide this observation. First, abundant knowledge of history is essential for historians and writers. When writing articles, especially those with a strong application of discussing, writers should make good use of ancient classics to discuss in-depth of their works and to help readers to learn from the past. Second, Liu Xie believed that although the form of biography was originated from Zuo Zhuan whose main function was to explain the auxiliary classics. However, after the work Historical Records, ''history'' and ''biography'' were linked together to form the ''Ji Zhuan'' feature of historical narratives. Although ''Ji Zhuan'' was created for recording historical events, it was written in the styles of narration, preface, praise, monuments,inscriptions and hangs, etc. These styles involved personal narratives and comments. Therefore, the writing requirement of ''precision'' was particularly emphasized. Third, the criticisms and concepts of quality and literature had long been seen in the criticisms of Historical Records by Ban Biao and Ban Chao of the Han dynasty, which distinguishes between the simple of gorgeous expression of the ''language style'' in historical writings. However, this concept of literary criticism was changed into referring the ''content meaning'' as well as ''rhetoric and rhythm'' of literary works. In the same time, Liu Xie also commented on historical writings such as Han Shu and Records of Three Kingdoms with the same terminologies to bring out new aspects. From these three points, it can be concluded that literature and history are merged in the literary theory of the Six Dynasties.