假葬還是永葬？――三至六世紀琅邪王氏歸葬變遷

Eternal or Temporary Rest? “Returning Burials” of the Langye Wang Family from the 3rd to 6th Century

本文企圖通過梳理公元三至六世紀琅邪王氏成員南渡後「以何為歸」的葬地安排與精神軌跡，探討歸葬這一葬俗在六朝社會的動態沿革。這一個案研究主要以今南京象山（古白石）王彬家族墓的考古發現為起點，先討論第一代渡江成員家族墓的營建、權力象徵，墓葬材料反映出來的歸葬觀念與安排，再考察那些不以白石墓為歸所的王氏成員，如何選擇葬地，這些選擇反映了什麼樣的權力處境和文化心態？在何種意義上構成「族」？本文也試圖回應學界關於北歸心態表現為假葬的論述，檢討現有墓葬遺存可否視為假葬準備，同時重新評估「歸正首丘」文化對社會現實的影響。

The present paper intends to explore a detailed picture of the burial choices of the Langye Wang 琅邪王 family from the third to sixth century to understand how the funeral custom “returning burial,” or “hometown burial” 歸葬, evolved within changing social contexts during the Six Dynasties period. This case study, based on the archaeological findings of the Wang family ancestral tomb in Xiangshan 象山, Nanjing, starts with the establishment, development, and symbols of power of the family tomb, as well as describing the concepts and arrangements of “returning” according to archaeological materials. The paper then determines those who were unable or unwilling to be buried on the slopes of Xiangshan, how other final resting places were instead selected, and what forms of power or cultural attitudes are thus revealed. In addition, the present research considers: On what meanings was the notion of “kinship” 族 constructed? This research also examines burial evidence together with the dynamic social reality of the time in order to respond to previous discussions regarding the mentality of returning North and how it could trigger “fake” burials, namely temporary burials 假葬, which led to rather simplified graves such as the Wang’s. Finally, according to this research, the impact of “returning” culture on social reality is reconsidered.