我國農業勞動力之運用分析

An Analysis of Agricultural Labor Force Utilization

隨著農村人口老化，農村勞動力結構也出現變化，伴隨部分農場經營規模擴大提高對農業僱工的需求，進而產生的人力短缺困境，因此了解當前我國農業勞動力的現況及農業勞動力的運用情形，是政府所面臨的當務之急。本文利用農林漁牧業普查原始資料檔，分析農家自有勞動力的存量及其配置，同時透過農家僱工使用資料，以迴歸模型分析影響農家對外部勞動力需求的因素。農林漁牧普查資料分析結果顯示，我國農村人口數在2005年至2015年的10年間正在快速的縮減及老化，農家15歲以上人口減少近50萬，造成農家自身勞動力的供給數量逐漸萎縮，整體農家成員所提供的勞動力，若以工作總人日計算，在同期間下降22.3％。農業從業人口老化及較有效率農場的擴張提高農業勞動力的外部需求，農家對外部勞動的需求呈現兩極化的現象，大多數農家並無僱工需求，但對有僱工的農家，卻呈現對僱工高度的需求。最後，我們對農業勞動力的運用提出以下幾項政策建議，一、藉由技術提升及機械化減少基礎人力之需求；二、隨著農場經營的企業化，人才培育應著重專業與研發人力，並與產業緊密扣合；三、評估各產業未來的最適規模及人力需求。

As the aging of population in the rural area, the structure of labor force has changed as well. Also, the expansions of some more efficient farms cause the increase in demand of hired labor and generate the labor shortage in the agricultural sector. Understanding the agricultural labor force and its utilization have become first priority of the government policy. In this paper, we use the data from the Agricultural Census to analyze the stock of human capital owned by farm households and the time allocation of its members. By using the data from usages of hired labor, we use the OLS model to analyze the demand of off-farm labor. The analysis of the data from the Agricultural Census shows that the population in farm households is ageing and shrinking dramatically in the decade between 2005 and 2015. The population of farm household members aged greater than 15 years old has reduced more a half of a million. The supply of labor provided by farm households has also decreased. The total working persons per day decline 22.3% over the ten-year period. Both of the aging famers and the expansion of some more efficient farms cause the increase in demand of hired labor. Moreover, the census data indicates a polarization of the farm's demand of fired labor. Most of farms do not hire off-farm labor. However, for those who do, they heavily depend on hired labor. By integrating the findings, we offers the following policy suggestions regarding to the utilization of agricultural labor force. 1. Improvement of technology and mechanization to reduce the demand of farm labor. 2. As farming become entrepreneurship, personnel training should focus on professional and research positions and fit into the demand of the agricultural sector. 3. Assess the optimal scale of farming by product and the demand of labor for agricultural industries.