中文摘要 |
"雖然美國政治趨向極端的情況,在川普執政時期加深,但在政策調整或議會內還是存在跨黨派共識。而美國兩大政黨支持者的結構變化,左右了前述共識能否成功形成。本文將揭露,在共和黨傾向保護主義,民主黨的社會意識形態明顯左傾的情況下,兩黨如何在內政上透過政治決策過程達成共識,修改原先的北美自由貿易協定(NAFTA)的內容,形成新的「美國.墨西哥.加拿大」貿易協定(USMCA)實施法案。
首先作者了解,這個過程中,美國共和與民主兩黨具有跨黨派保護主義的政治傾向。其次,本文將詳述,相對於勞工團體和消費者團體贊成USMCA,主張氣候變遷對策的環保團體立場轉為反對。這狀況表示過去反對環太平洋夥伴協定(TPP)之「自由派聯盟」三者的勢力瓦解。此外,本文認為,在川普彈劾審判和2020年美國總統大選相互作用的影響下,使得「強化保護主義」與「維持自由貿易協定」對立的狀況並存,進而成為跨黨派達成USMCA共識的關鍵。
Although the polarization of American politics broadened under the Trump administration, bipartisan compromises on some policies happened, resulting in agreements. Voter positions underwent a change and defined how the bipartisan negotiations went. This paper reveals the political process of how USMCA (U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement), that replaced NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement), won the majority votes in the US Congress, especially under the current political climate of less free-trade Republicans and more socially progressive Democrats. First, the paper delves into existing studies on the emerging protectionism that existed in both parties. Second, it examines the division among the anti-TPP progressive coalition. While the labor and consumer activists turned pro-USMCA, the climate change activists would not alter their anti- USMCA point of view. In addition, the paper analyzes how the Trump impeachment and the 2020 Presidential election influenced USMCA debates. In conclusion, support for the new agreement forged ahead because of its dual definitions symbolizing reform in both greater protectionism as well as keeping the popular free-trade agreement." |