活魚運輸技術之改進

Improvement on Live Fish Transportation Techniques

本研究以兩部分試驗分別探討絲蘭萃取物（Yucca schidigera pure extract, YUPE）和丁香油（Clove oil）對於孔雀魚（Poecilia reticulata）與白蝦（Litopenaeus vannamei）活魚運輸之應用。試驗一之目的為利用絲蘭萃取物於孔雀魚（0.24±0.01公克）與白蝦（0.99±0.01公克）運輸過程中，降低氨氮累積。以四種絲蘭萃取物濃度（0、18、36、72μl L－1）添加於不同密度孔雀魚（30、45、60尾/升）與白蝦（30、50、75尾/升），於六個採樣時間點（0、3、6、9、12、24小時）檢測各項水質，包含酸鹼值（pH）、溶氧量（Dissolved oxygen, DO）、總氨氮（Total ammonia-N, TAN）、硝酸氮（Nitrate-N, NO3－-N）、亞硝酸氮（Nitrite-N, NO2－-N）、總氮（Total nitrogen, TN）與產氨率（Ammonia production rate, APR）。結果顯示，酸鹼值隨時間與密度增加而降低；總氨氮和產氨率隨絲蘭萃取物添加濃度增加而降低，亞硝酸氮累積量則隨添加濃度增加而提升，硝酸氮則在淡水與海水中有不同結果。當絲蘭萃取物添加濃度為72μl L－1時，總氨氮累積量在孔雀魚30尾/升處理組能降低75.4%，60尾/升處理組只能降低57.9%；在白蝦30尾/升處理組能降低84.3%，75尾/升處理組則只能降低41.1%。硝酸氮與亞硝酸氮累積量在孔雀魚部分，平均增加21.6%與249.7%；在白蝦部分，硝酸氮卻減少46.4%，亞硝酸氮則平均增加1465.7%。產氨率於孔雀魚30尾/升處理組能從0.018 ppm/g/hrs降低至0.004 ppm/g/hrs；白蝦30尾/升處理組能從0.005 ppm/g/hrs降低至0.001 ppm/g/hrs。試驗二係評估丁香油對於孔雀魚（0.31±0.02公克）與白蝦（1.43±0.09公克）之麻醉效果，以及使用丁香油進行麻醉運輸對水質之影響。分成三個實驗進行，實驗一測試短期麻醉之最適濃度，添加不同濃度之丁香油（10、20、25、30、50、70、100、200μl L－1），紀錄達到第四麻醉階段之誘導時間以及復甦時間。實驗二測試長期麻醉（活魚運輸）之最適濃度，加入不同濃度之丁香油（0、10、20、30、50、70μl L－1），紀錄達到第三麻醉階段之誘導時間以及復甦時間。實驗三則模擬活魚運輸，添加不同丁香油濃度（0、10、15、20μl L－1）對運輸袋中水質的影響，於24小時後檢測各項水質，包含酸鹼值、溶氧量、總氨氮、硝酸氮、亞硝酸氮與總氮。結果顯示，孔雀魚短期麻醉時，最適丁香油濃度為70μl L－1至100μl L－1；白蝦短期麻醉時，最適丁香油濃度為70μl L－1。進行孔雀魚與白蝦長期麻醉時，添加10μl L－1至20μl L－1丁香油可使其鎮靜。添加丁香油而呈鎮靜狀態時，耗氧量會降低約18%，但孔雀魚的總氨氮濃度有隨丁香油濃度增加而提升之趨勢，添加20μl L－1時相較於空白組增加約5%，其他水質項目沒有顯著差異。

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the application of Yucca schidigera pure extract (YUPE) and clove oil on live-fish transportation of guppy (Poecilia reticulata) and juvenile white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Experiment I aimed at using YUPE to reduce ammonia accumulation during guppy (0.24±0.01g) and white shrimp (0.99±0.01g) live-fish transportation. Four levels of YUPE (0, 18, 36 and 72μl L-1) were added in shipping bag containing different densities of guppy (30, 45 and 60 L-1) and white shrimp (30, 50 and 75 L-1). Water in bags was sampled at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 24 h for the analysis of pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), nitrate nitrogen (NO3─-N), nitrite nitrogen (NO2─-N), total nitrogen (TN) and ammonia production rate (APR). The results showed that pH decrease with time and density. When YUPE concentration increased, TAN and APR reduced but NO2─-N increased. YUPE reacted with NO3─-N differently in freshwater (guppy) and seawater (white shrimp) and with packing density. When 72μl L-1 YUPE was added, TAN reduced 75.4% in the 30 guppy L-1, but only reduced 57.9% in 60 fish L-1. When at 30 shrimp L-1, TAN decreased by 84.3%, but reduced only 41.1% at 75 L-1. For guppy, NO3─-N and NO2─-N accumulated and increased NO3─-N and NO2─-N, respectively. For shrimp, NO2─-N increased highly by 1465.7%, but NO3─-N reduced 46.4%. APR reduced from 0.018 mg to 0.004 mg L-1 g-1 shrimp h-1, and from 0.001 to 0.005 mg L-1 g-1 shrimp h-1. Experiment II assessed the anesthesia effects of clove oil on guppy and white shrimp and the water quality in shipping bags. Three trials were conducted. Trial I was to find out the optimal concentration of short-term anesthesia by adding various concentrations of clove oil (10, 20, 25, 30, 50, 70, 100 and 200μl L-1) and then observing the induction and recovery time when the fourth anesthetic phase reached. Trial II was to investigate the optimal concentration of long-term anesthesia (for live-fish transportation) by adding various concentration of clove oil (0, 10, 20, 30, 50 and 70μl L-1) and then observing the induction and recovery time when the third anesthetic phase reached. Trial III simulated the live-fish transportation and studied the effect on water quality by adding various concentrations of clove oil (0, 10, 15 and 20μl L-1) in the bag, and then monitoring pH, DO, TAN, NO3─-N, NO2─-N and TN after 24 h. The results showed that the optimal concentrations for short-term anesthesia were 70μl L-1 to 100μl L-1 and 70μl L-1 for guppy and white shrimp, respectively. When anesthetizing for live-fish transportation, adding 10μl L-1 to 20μl L-1 clove oil could make guppy and white shrimp sedation, respectively. While in sedation the oxygen consumption reduced 18%, but TAN increased with clove oil concentration. When 20μl L-1 clove oil was added, TAN increased about 5% than the control, but the other water parameters were not affected.