馮琦的館課書寫與政務實踐

Feng Qi’s Guanke Writings and Political Practice

馮琦為萬曆5年（1577）進士，獲選庶吉士，是晚明的政治精英。本文輯錄、考辨其在翰苑所寫館課，呈現對內政、士習、馭兵等的見解，以及致君堯舜的襟抱，藉以評述明代庶吉士教習內容與成效。又將館課對照多經歷練後的奏疏、講章和書信等，探看其一本初心，積極任事，但也面臨明神宗怠政、君臣阻隔和黨爭趨烈的政局。由馮琦的館課及為政經歷，可見朝政每況愈下，朝臣推動政務的困難，而官僚制度的僵化，也使其難成「救時之相」，無法力挽國勢傾頹。

Feng Qi was a successful candidate in the Ding Chou imperial examination (Dingchouke) in the fifth year of Wanli (1577) and was elected as a Shujishi, the intern or student who studied in the Hanlin Academy. This paper based on Feng Qi’s early lessons in Hanlin Academy, investigated his views on public morals, imperial examination, and military affairs, as well as his ideal of assisting the sovereign to implement the doctrine of Yao and Shun and shed light on the contents and effectiveness of the Shujishi teaching and learning system in Ming Dynasty. This paper presented Feng Qi’s practice in government affairs by comparing Guanke with his essays and letters after he is being official, and then provided a glimpse into the king’s loss of interest in governance, fierce clashes between the parties, rigid bureaucracy, and the people’s expectation of a premier who can “save the nation” during the Wanli period.