「文學」觀念的現代化進程：以晚清報刊的運用實例為中心

The Modernization of Literary Concepts: A Study on the Usage of ＂Wenxue＂ in Late Qing Journals

十九世紀末到二十世紀初的三十年間是「中國近代思想史的轉型時代」，不論是在思想知識的傳播媒介或是思想內容方面，皆有突破性的劇變。本文以「文學」二字作為關鍵詞，以晚清報刊的論域作為考察對象，透過檢視「文學」在晚清報刊中的語用實例，來考察近代文學觀念的歷時發展。文章將分兩段時期進行論述：據報刊資料顯示，1901年以前，「文學」相關論述主要由外國傳教士主導，至1902年以降，晚清知識份子則掌握了論域的發言權，關於「文學」觀念的探討，大約可分為三類：其一，借鑑明治日本與歐西學者的文學史觀察，反思中國文學史的發展，代表人物有梁啟超、王國維等人；其二，透過自編文學教科書，開始定義「文學」，梳理中國文學之發展，代表人物有黃人、林傳甲等人；其三，基於「發明國學，保存國粹」之宗旨，而欲使「文學」觀念重返中國傳統經史者，代表人物有劉師培、章太炎等人。透過晚清知識份子的論辯與思考，基本上已使「文學」觀念體現從傳統到現代的遞嬗，以待來者續做發揮。

The last thirty years of the Qing, which spanned the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century, has been referred to as the transformational era of modern Chinese intellectual history; whether it was the media that was used to disseminate thought or the characteristics of the thought itself, there were revolutionary changes. This article uses ＂Wenxue＂ 文學 (literature) as a keyword, the domain of late Qing journals as the subject of study, and investigates the development of modern literary concepts through an examination of the practical use of ＂Wenxue＂ in late Qing journals. The article divides this thirty year period into two parts on the basis of the information contained in the journals: prior to 1901, ＂Wenxue＂ related discourse was primarily dominated by missionaries; however, from 1902 onwards, it is clear that Chinese intellectuals took control of it. In addition, the discourse on ＂Wenxue＂ can be divided into three major categories. The first, which referenced the literary history of Meiji Japan and Europe to reflect on the development of Chinese literary history, is represented by Liang Qichao 梁啟超 and Wang Guowei 王國維. In the second, ＂Wenxue＂ was defined through self-edited textbooks compiled by individuals such as Huang Ren 黃人 and Lin Chuanjia 林傳甲. The third category revolved around the ideal of ＂inventing national learning, preserving national essence,＂ and it was championed by scholars such as Liu Shipei 劉師培 and Zhang Taiyan 章太炎who sought a traditional ground for ＂Wenxue＂ in the Chinese classics and histories. Through these late Qing intellectual debates, a solid foundation was established for the modernization of concepts related to ＂Wenxue＂ and the writing of literary history, a foundation that continued to be developed by future generations.