台灣建築工程職業災害事故成因分析

The Cause-effect Analysis of Occupational Accidents in Taiwan Building Construction Industry

營造業重大職業災害案例中以建築工程所佔比例最高。從文獻中許多學者也指出，因個人行為缺失及安衛管理問題為造成職災的主要原因。為此，為進一步了解建築工程職災發生的成因關係，本研究整理2000－2015年建築工程重大職災報告（N＝1,326），進行敘述性統計分析外，及變異數分析方法（ANOVA），以了解主要職災要因及其關鍵危害對象與發生條件等。研究結果發現，臨時工職災比例甚高，主要原因與其工作變動性大，欠缺安全知識與良好教育訓練有關。此外，對中小企業（SMEs）於承攬工程期間因安衛管理能力不足，至使勞工於其所承攬之作業時，因不安全的環境未有防護，及未提供勞工個人安全防護具，而發生墜落危害最為普遍。因此，加強中小企業承攬商的安衛管理項目的檢核，落實第一線作業勞工教育訓練，及個人安全防護具的正確使用等，為減少國內建築工程職災發生的重要工作。

The building construction was posed the highest risk caused by occupational accidents in the construction industry. From the literature reviews, most authors found that both the individual factors and safety, health management were the main cause of the accidents in the construction. Thus, this study explored the characteristic factors related to occupational accidents to improve safety and health management at Taiwan building construction sites. In addition, it also deals with the safety issues (especially safety and health management) on Taiwan building constructions based on Taiwan's Council of Labor Affairs (Executive Yuan) database. Cramér's V coefficient and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to analyse 1,326 accidents at building construction sites (2000-2015). This study found that temporary workers had the highest risk of accidents than did other workers. These workers always work in harsh environments and may not have steady work. Temporary workers are not provided with safety and health training and education; therefore, they are unaware of dangerous situations at construction sites, resulting in unsafe actions and failure to properly use personal protective equipment (PPE). In addition, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) did not pay more attention to safety and health management, especially self-inspection, regulations, and safety training and education. Falls or tumbles were the most common cause of injury at structure and construction facilities. These study findings can help the administrators eliminate the fall or tumble accidents which are the common accident and give the effective safety measure to control the unsafe conditions in Taiwan building construction. Therefore, each enterprise should improve and enhance the safety implementation of their worksite, especially, training and education for front-line workers. Besides that, these results provide a framework for understanding clearly characteristic factors related to the accidents and improving the safety strategies which are essential to prevent accidents from unfortunate sceneries. Furthermore, the Taiwan government should enact appropriate legislation to require all enterprises to improve safety and health management and to ensure that workers join safety programs as a job requirement.