從《訄書》到《檢論》——章太炎思想轉折之考察

From Qiu Shu to Jian Lun: A Survey of Zhang Taiyan’s Shifts in Thought

本文透過《訄書》初刻本、《訄書》重訂本與《檢論》等三書內容的考察，探究章太炎（1869—1936）的儒學、子學、史學、政治宗教、民族意識等理念及其背後蘊藏的心志寄託。本文歸納三書的內容，《訄書》初刻本以荀學社群意識為發展主體，以尊清改革政府為宗旨；《訄書》重訂本從華夷意識到為國粹存史，於戰亂動盪之日力圖光復新民，「尊史」與「革命」為本書宗旨；《檢論》將西方思想與中國學術分開，將儒學與諸子學分流，擬欲找回國故精神與華夏文化本位，「學術分化」與「聊鬱解愁」為本書基調。透過三書的考察，梳理出章太炎各時期的理念主張及其思想態度遞嬗的軌跡。以上，為本文之大旨所在。

During an extended stay in Taiwan, Zhang Taiyan set out to organize a collection of both his new and previously published essays. Zhang published these compiled essays as a book titled Qiu Shu around 1900 in Shanghai. This book is arguably a summary of Zhang Taiyan’s early theoretical views and political thought, however he was not particularly satisfied with the book and continued to intermittently edit its contents before publishing a revised edition in Japan in 1904. Compared against the original edition, the revision had some clear changes in style and content. After the establishment of the ROC government, Zhang Taiyan was placed under house arrest in Beijing as a result of his critical opposition of Yuan Shikai. During this time, he worked on further revising his writings from Qiu Shu, abridging it into a book titled Jian Lun. At this time, it had already been ten years since Qiu Shu was published, and yet again the book’s contents and thought underwent a massive shift. The time period between the publication of the Qiu Shu first edition, revised edition, and finally Jian Lun spanned the same years as the revolution at the collapse of the Qing empire, the establishment of the Republic of China, and Yuan Shikai’s dictatorial reign. The contents of these books and the differences in their viewpoints reflect the trajectory of Zhang Taiyan’s changing thought. Because of this, I would like to do a comprehensive study comparing the sequential relationship and changing thought between the Qiu Shu first edition, the revised edition, and Jian Lun. This study (1) looks into the similarities and differences between each book, (2) outlines the trajectory of Zhang Taiyan’s change in thought, (3) presents his significant theories and core concerns, and finally (4) uncovers the subtle metaphor hidden in his writing. These are the main purposes of this study.