日本「工作方式的改革」與從業人員代表制度

Japanese 'Work Style Reform Act' and its employee representative system

日本最近在勞資關係中特別受到關注的問題是勞動力的短缺以及接受移民之問題，以及長時間工作與維持勞工健康，還有改善非正規勞工待遇等問題。而其中，關於工作時間過長，以及非正規勞工的這兩個問題，早已於2018年（平成30年）6月制定了「工作方式改革法案」揭示了開革的方向性。而本文即對此一改革中，對著眼於抑制長時間勞動的勞動時間法制之修法進行介紹。本次所修改的法律導入了諸如設定了加班工時的上限等強制規定，但同時也設有各種各式各樣的例外情況。而到目前為止拼湊式地所導入的日本從業人員代表制度雖被活用著，然而其勞動時間的規定與例外情況是否合適也仍有許多問題值得檢討之。

Labour relation issues concerned recently in Japan are the problems of labor shortages and the acceptance of immigrants, the problem of long working hours and workers’ health, and the improvement of the treatment of non-regular workers. Among them, regarding the problems of long working hours and non-regular workers, the so-called 'Work Style Reform Act' was enacted in June 2018, and a certain direction was shown. In this paper, I will introduce the revision of the working hours legal system, which focuses on the suppression of long working hours. The law introduced strong restrictions, such as setting an upper limit for overtime work, but also provided various exceptions. The Japanese employee representative system, which has been a patchwork, is used here as well, but there are many problems whether it is suitable for the working hours regulation and its exceptions.