大宗散裝貨主港口選擇行為之研究

Analysis of Port Choice Behavior of Bulk Cargo Owners

大宗散裝貨物通常係以不定期船之方式運送。其與定期船比較，主要不同特點之一，即在於貨主對於起迄港口之選擇具有主導權；而定期船之營運，則係由航商統籌策劃，貨主或託運人通常僅能選擇適合的航商，委託交運。國內外以往有關港口選擇行為的研究，多係以定期船為對象，因此其研究主題多係著重於航商選擇港口，或貨主選擇航商之行為特性，少有直接探討大宗散貨貨主選擇港口行為的研究。此外，不同貨種之貨主在港口選擇時所考量之影響因素與選擇行為也不一定相同。本研究主要係針對油品、煤炭與化學品三項大宗散裝貨主之選擇行為加以探討，構建其選擇行為模式，並以敘述性偏好法設計問卷，利用問卷調查回收資料進行模式之校估與檢定，以及各項屬性變數之彈性分析。本文之研究結果顯示，整體而言，影響大宗散裝貨主選擇港口行為之重要因素為港埠裝卸倉儲費用、內陸運輸費用、內陸運輸時間、港埠裝卸作業效率及貨物裝卸毀損率等，而貨主之社經屬性對其港口選擇行為並無顯著影響。因此，適度降低港埠裝卸倉儲費用、提高裝卸效率與吸引貨主在港區投資設廠等策略，均有助於提升港埠之市場占有率。

Ocean transportation of bulk cargo is different from container cargo, in that loading/unloading ports are mostly selected by cargo owners rather than the shipping companies. But most studies of port choice in the literature focused on liner shipping, very little effort has been devoted to the issue on port choice behavior for bulk cargoes. The purpose of this study is thus to explore the characteristics of port choice behavior of bulk cargo owners for three selected bulk cargo types, namely chemical product, oil and coal. A questionnaire survey based on the stated preference method is conducted, and disaggregate choice models for each of the three bulk cargo owners are developed on the basis of the surveyed data. Major factors influencing choice behavior and their degree of influence are then discussed based on the elasticity analysis. The result of the study reveals that port cost, inland transportation cost, inland transportation time, port handling efficiency, and cargo damage rate are the major influencing factors, whereas socio-economic attributes of the cargo owners are not significant in general. Strategies such as reducing port cost, increasing handling efficiency, encouraging cargo owners to invest in port areas etc. can be helpful for a port to expand its market share.