《杜臆》論《唐詩歸》之杜詩選評得失

The Gains and Losses of the Selection of Du Fu's Poetry in Tang Shi Gui in Du Yi

《杜臆》是明末清初重要的杜詩評注本，清人仇兆鰲撰《杜詩詳注》時，大量徵引其中詩評，稱許此書最能發揚杜詩意旨。綜觀《杜臆》特色，除了作者王嗣奭使用「以意逆志」法評註杜詩外，同時收錄和批評前人詩評。以後者而論，王嗣奭主要選錄鍾惺、譚元春《唐詩歸》的評論，當可視為贊同竟陵詩學的證明。然而檢視王嗣奭評論鍾、譚見解的結果，他將竟陵派詩學分為創作技巧與選評標準，並根據二者對於詩歌解讀所造成的影響，給予貶抑與採納兩類評價。故《杜臆》大量引用《唐詩歸》的現象，絕非王嗣奭全然認同竟陵派觀點，而是欲針砭鍾、譚詩說，矯治晚明詩風受竟陵派影響而產生的弊端。本文另一重點，在於探討《杜臆》是否受到文學批評的共時性影響，抑或脫離時代主流而具備獨特的價值。明末清初詩壇受錢謙益、朱彝尊等大家引領，文人評論竟陵派多數秉持全面抨擊的立場。而王嗣奭身處此時期之中，亦不免受此種思潮影響。但是《杜臆》的價值並非附和時人觀點，而是另以歷代詩歌發展的角度，接納竟陵派的創作理論。與錢、朱代表的詩壇主流比較，《杜臆》更能客觀歸結竟陵詩學。透過本文研究，當有助於吾人了解《杜臆》的文學評論價值，並更深入認識竟陵詩學。

Du Yi is one of the important commentaries on Du Fu's poetry in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasty. The Qing dynasty Qiu Zhaoao quoted a large number of annotations when he wrote Du Shih Siang Jhu, and praised that this book, compared with the commentaries of past dynasties, can carry forward the most poems of Du Fu. Taking a comprehensive look at the characteristics of Du Yi, the author Wang Sishi not only uses intentions against will to comment on Du Fu's poetry, but also includes predecessor poem reviews for praise and criticism. In the commentaries quoted in Du Yi, the poems of Tang Shi Gui written by Zhong Xing and Tan Yuanchun were rated as the master. It can be inferred that Wang Sishi should agree with Jingling School of poetry. However, reviewing Wang Sishi's comments on Zhong and Tan's opinions shows that he divides Jingling School's poetry into creation skills and selection criteria, and according to the influence of the two on the interpretation of poetry, gives two types of evaluations, depreciation and acceptance. Therefore, the phenomenon of Du Yi quoting Tang Shi Gui is not that Wang Sishi fully agrees with the Jingling School's viewpoint, but because he wants to correct the malpractice caused by the influence of Jingling School in the poetry style of the late Ming Dynasty with the help of commenting Zhong and Tan's annotation. Another key point of this article is to explore whether Du Yi is affected by the synchronicity of literary criticism, or whether it is separated from the mainstream of the times and has unique value. In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, the poetry world was led by Qian Qianyi and Zhu Yizun, so most of the literati commented on the Jingling School uphold the position of comprehensive criticism; and Wang Sishi was in this period, and he was not immune to this trend of thought. However, the value of Du Yi is not to echo the views of the times, but to accept the creation theory of the Jingling School from the perspective of the development of poetry in the past. Therefore, compared with the mainstream of poetry represented by Qian and Zhu, Du Yi can make a relatively objective summary of Jingling School's poetics. Through the study of this article, it should help us understand the value of literary criticism of Du Yi and have a deeper understanding of Jingling School's poetics.