從政治不正確到政治正確：波蘭右翼反難民（移民）論述的挑戰

From Political Incorrectness to Political Correctness: Challenges Faced by the Anti-Refugee/Immigration Discourses of Political Right Wings in Poland

自從1989年共黨統治垮台之後，波蘭曾被視為前東歐共黨集團國家中最為成功的民主轉型和歐洲整合範例；然而，2015年「歐洲難民危機」爆發之後，在「法律與公正黨」（PiS）領銜之下，伴隨著基進的反難民（移民）言論，卻為波蘭點燃前所未見的右翼狂潮，不僅已經成為二戰法西斯主義之後最顯眼的政治現象，也為現代西方自由民主政體制度帶來嚴峻的挑戰。從一個較為廣泛的波蘭脈絡出發，本文將從政治、文化和歷史三個面向，剖析難民危機安全化、基進反難民（移民）論述和今日政治右翼霸權（常被西方主流貼上民粹、民族主義或非自由主義政體的標籤）三者之間的微妙關係。

Since the fall of Communism in 1989, Poland has once been viewed as the most successful example of the democratic transition and European integration among former Eastern bloc nations. In the wake of 2015's refugee crisis, however, a full-outbreak of Poland's political right-wing movement with their radical anti-refugee/immigrant rhetoric, led by 'Law and Justice' (PiS), has already become the most striking political phenomenon in Europe since WWII's fascism and posed a comprehensive challenge to the modern western system of liberal democracies. From a wider context of Poland's unique politics, culture, and history, this article aims to understand the intricate relationships among the securitization of the refugee crisis, the radical anti-refugee/immigrant rhetoric, and today's hegemony of Poland's political right-wing, commonly labeled by mainstream media as populist, nationalist or illiberal democratic.