當代論者對先秦儒、道二家外王思想比較──以「正」為核心的義理研究

Comparing the Confucianist and Taoist Concepts of the Wai-Wang: An Exegetical Study with a Zheng-focused Approach

「正」的義理思想，於先秦儒、道二家皆有所述說。儒家崇尚「禮樂」，並以「正名」為基礎；道家反省批判「禮樂」，以「無名」開立新的價值秩序。此外，在「正身」層面，二家雖都言及「正己而天下歸之」，卻因對本體論的認知理解不同，而有了「有為」與「無為」的兩種治世詮說。儒家以「正德利用厚生」講「內聖開外王」，而道家則透過無為的修養，論「即內聖即外王」，其間，對於政治理念的原則便有所差異，一在淑世的「參贊天地」；一則在應世之「無心任自然」。然二家雖在「正」論中明顯分立，卻皆指向如何安身立命，以及如何使人民「幸福」的價值旨趣。

Confucianist and Taoist schools developed their theories on the concept of ''Zheng'' (rectitude), and the two theoretical strands overlap in the discussion of the concept known as ''Neisheng Waiwang'' ( Inner sagaciousness, Outer regalness). However, there are apparent differences in the ontological cognition and the presentation of outer regalness between the two strands. This paper collates and compares the discourses on ''Zheng'' as propounded by the two schools, and identify the interpretative discrepancies regarding their ontological grasp and interpretations of the Neisheng Waiwang. This paper argues that, in the context of the discourses on ''Zheng,'' Confucianists tend to perceive inner sagaciousness as bringing forth outer regalness, while the Taoists tend to believe that inner sagaciousness is in itself equivalent to outer regalness.