晚明士人的信仰世界：以西湖孤山關帝廟的創建為中心

Religious Views of the Literati during the Late Ming Dynasty: On the Founding of the Guandi Temple at Gushan

萬曆後期，杭州孤山新修一座融合關公、淨土、天台信仰的關帝廟。該廟起於禦倭官員金學曾數場關公助戰的異夢，除了建廟，創廟者也編纂《西湖關帝廟廣紀》一書記述此事。本文即以此廟的興建為中心，探討創廟者的信仰心態與行動。討論主題包括：一，從建廟者及廟志編者分析其人際網絡。二，藉由分析這批士人在杭州的宗教活動及呈現於廟志的想法，探討他們兼融雲棲祩宏的淨土信仰、天台信仰，並整合關公軍神、佛教伽藍神、富含文化素養的傳說，建構起來的信仰世界，以及在宗教實踐上戒律與顯應並重、修行與徵驗緊密連接的特色。三，討論廟域空間的營造與信仰的關係。他們以孤山一地早已不存的唐宋孤山寺記憶，在恢復舊觀的想法下，新造關廟，重新詮釋孤山一地的宗教傳統，而這個傳統其實是他們自身信仰內涵的映照。

During the reign of the Wanli Emperor (1572-1620), several members of the literati had a temple built at Gushan in the city of Hangzhou. The temple was a testament to the religious syncretism at the time, for it combined elements of Pure Land Buddhism, Zen Buddhism, Tiantai Buddhism ( 天台宗), and the worship of Guan Yu (關羽 ). This article attempts to answer three main questions having to do with Gushan Temple. First, what was the social network that linked the founding members of the temple together? In other words, how were the temple ’ s founders connected to one another? Second, what were the religious beliefs of the founding members? This article shows that they were followers of the teachings of Zhu Hong (雲棲祩宏) and Yongming Yanshou (永明延壽), both well-known Buddhist scholars. At the same time, the founders worshipped Guan Yu, the famous general deified as a Bodhisattva after his death. They also found the repentance rituals of Tiantai Buddhism immensely appealing. Third, how do the inscriptions found at the temple reflect the religious beliefs of the founders? On the temple can be found not only poems from the Tang (618-907) and Song (960-1279) dynasties, but also the Lotus Sutra of Wondrous Dharma. These texts, it is argued, are indicative of the mentality of the temple’s founders.