元初程鉅夫的政治參與及其侷限――以儒學政策的推動為中心

The Political Involvement of Cheng Jufu during the Early Years of the Yuan Dynasty

程鉅夫是一位元初能為蒙古統治者所重視的新附江南士人，一般被視為致力亦有能力改善南人待遇的指標人物，而對其重要性的理解，則多來自於程鉅夫行狀、墓誌銘、年譜的記載，認為他受到明君忽必烈的賞識與提拔，得以發揮而有所貢獻。只是，從「受到賞識」，到「得以發揮」，到「有所貢獻」的過程中，程鉅夫的政治參與並非如此「直線」的進行。是故，本文以程鉅夫於忽必烈朝所曾擔任的職務，連結《廟學典禮》中的兩件公文，以及彈劾桑哥事件，把程鉅夫放置在制定儒學政策的運作機制，以及當時的政治氛圍中，藉以考察程鉅夫的政治參與。本文目的不在於說明程鉅夫對元初儒學政策有何貢獻或重不重要，而是在於理解「個人貢獻」與「制度、政策」之間的關係，從而呈現南人程鉅夫於蒙元統治下的現實處境，並對程鉅夫如何形成他的貢獻有進一步的認識。

Cheng Jufu (程鉅夫, 1249-1318) was a scholar from southern China (江南) who received the favor of Mongolian rulers during the early years of the Yuan dynasty (1271-1368). He was actively involved in Yuan dynasty politics, and used his influence to improve the treatment of southern Chinese at the hands of the Mongolians. The existence and importance of Cheng Jufu is revealed to us by biographies, epitaphs, and chronicles, all of which testify to the high position he held under Kublai (reigned 1260-1294). Cheng’s rise to power, however, is not as straightforward as it is often made out to be. This paper re-examines Cheng’s career by looking at his role in government and by examining two documents from the Miaoxue Dianli, a monograph on education written during the Yuan dynasty. It also consider Cheng’s role in the impeachment of Sangha (桑哥). Instead of discussing Cheng’s contributions to the government’s adoption of a policy of Confucianism, this paper focuses on how Cheng’s personal influence might have shaped government policies. By portraying the political realities that Cheng was faced with, it seeks to contribute to our understanding of Cheng and his times.