商標使用行為法律構造的實質主義

商標使用行為由形式要素與實質要素所構造，可以從形式與實質、價值與功能及主觀與客觀等多個維度進行界定，但商標立法的實質主義是其底色。商標使用行為的構成應以商標標識的識別性和商業使用的公開性為必要，以商標法效力範圍為默示前提，並區分商標使用與商標標識使用。涉外貼牌加工商標侵權判斷應當以構成商標使用為座標，以商標法效力範圍內的市場活動為事實依據，據此以不構成商標使用和商標侵權為原則和常規，構成商標使用和商標侵權為例外和補充，形成原則與例外並存互補和相互協調的定性格局，恰當地實現相關利益平衡。不構成商標使用和商標侵權的例外情形應當回歸屬人管轄和效果原則之法律軌道，並根據事實與價值，實現法律標準的明晰化和行為種類的類型化。

The use of trademark consists of formal and substantial elements, which can be defined from dimensions such as form and substance, value and function, subjectivity and objectivity, etc. However, the substantial theory in trademark legislation is the core. The identification of trademark signs and the publicity of commercial use shall be necessary for trademark use, and the scope of validity of trademark law shall be the implied precondition. In addition, trademark use and use of trademark signs shall be distinguished. The determination of trademark infringement in foreign-related OEM shall be based on trademark use as a coordinate, market activities within the scope of validity of the trademark law as a factual basis, and take non-trademark use or trademark infringement as a principle and regular basis, trademark use and trademark infringement as exceptions and supplements, so as to form a qualitative pattern in which principles and exceptions could complement each other and coordinate with each other, and to properly achieve the balance of interests. The exceptional cases that do not constitute trademark use or trademark infringement shall return to the legal track of the principle of ratione personae and ''effect'' rule, and achieve the clarity of legal standards and the categorization of behavior types in accordance with facts and values.