監察模式及其權力本質的歷史解釋

監察是制約權力的運行乃至矯正社會風紀的重要手段。在不同歷史時期及不同政治制度安排下，監察權運行表現為不同的模式。古羅馬採用的監察官道德審查和保民官行政監督的二元監察模式，對近代監察制度產生了深遠的影響，在歷史的進程中發展為拉美實踐中“道德權力”監察模式和西方自由主義政治制度下的斯堪的納維亞行政監察專員模式。前一種監察權是與三權並立的“道德權力”，後者是三權體制中權力制衡的工具。監察體制改革之後的中國社會主義監察權，是道德權力在社會主義國家的法治表述，監察機關的創設是我國國家機關民主集中制原則的完整體現，相較於前兩種模式具有社會主義的鮮明特色和優越性。

Supervisory system is an important mechanism to restrict power or even rectify social morality. In different periods of history, under the arrangement of different political systems, supervisory power has manifested in different institutional manners, all of which contain different legal cultures and essential connotations. Through the dual-monitoring model of the Roman Censor ethics review and the administrative supervision of the tribune, ancient Rome has had a profound impact on the modern supervisory system. Throughout the course of history, Latin America has practiced the’moral power’supervisory mode and Scandinavian administrations have made uses of the ombudsman review within the western liberal political system. The former is’moral power’unto itself and independent of the separation of three powers, while the latter is a tool for the checks and balances of power in the tripartite power system. After the reform of supervisory system, the new socialist supervisory power in China is now a legal expression of moral power. The founding of the new supervisory organ is the complete embodiment of the democratic centralism principle within China’s organs of state. Compared to the two aforementioned modes, this mode has distinguishing feature and superiority of socialism.