當自由遭遇皇庫利益以及其他利益

瑪律庫斯皇帝在169－180年之間針對一個奴隸的信訪發佈的一個敕答中創立了為保全自由而判給遺產的制度。該制度基於斯多亞的泛平等哲學確立，在基督教皇帝優士丁尼手裡得到了極大發展。它體現了羅馬法中的有利於自由權原則，強調自由權高於經濟利益，體現了羅馬法的人權觀念。後人對該制度的眾多研究，聚焦於敕答的接受人是奴隸、解放自由人還是遺囑人的朋友的問題，並竭力排除此等接受人是奴隸的可能，以維持奴隸只能是主人獲得財產的工具這一命題的絕對性。但這種排除並無說服力。為保全自由而判給遺產制度由於奴隸制在近代的寂滅而沒有完整地保留在現代法中，但它的殘片存活於當代的代位制度、債的承擔制度、第三人代為履行制度、債的更新制度、破產和解等制度中。

In the time between 169 AD and 180 AD, the Emperor Marcus Aurelius established the system of awarding inheritance for preserving freedom of slaves in reply to a petition of a slave. The system based itself on the Stoic philosophy of pan-egalitarianism, and developed greatly in the hands of the Christian emperor Justinian. It embodies the principle of favoring the right to liberty in Roman law, emphasizing that liberty is superior to economic interest and embodying the concept of human rights in Roman law. The system has undergone numerous studies by subsequent generations, which focused on the question of whether the recipient is a slave, a liberated man or a friend of a testator. Many researchers try to rule out the possibility that the recipient is a slave in order to maintain the absolute nature of the proposition that a slave is no more than an instrument of his master to acquire property. But this exclusion is not convincing. The system of awarding inheritance for preserving freedom of slaves was not completely preserved in modern law because of the abolition of slavery in modern times, but its fragments survived in the contemporary system of subrogation, the system of debt commitment, the system of third party fulfill the debt for other, the system of renewal of obligation and the system of reconciliation in bankruptcy proceedings.