電視無疆界？──歐洲化與商業化趨勢下的德國電視法制新秩序

Frontless Television?-- The New Order of Regulations for the Television in Germany under the Influences of Europeanization and Commercialization

自商業電視台開播以來，德國原本公營獨占的電視事業發生根本性的轉變：頻道增加、節目時間延長、娛樂節目的形式豐富化，而電視台之間的競爭也日益激烈，連公營電台也無法置身事外。而歐洲共同體致力內部市場無障礙的措施，終究擴及向來被視作文化事業的電視事業，並於一九八九年通過促成「電視無疆界」的指令，打開各會員國對無線電波所設的人為壁壘。此一國際化伴隨商業化的發展趨勢，不但使得國內所知的所謂廣電「二元體系」面貌丕變，不再如國人眼中的遠天明月一般皎潔無瑕；甚至，德國廣電學者也以「典範轉變」一詞，標示其在商業化衝擊下所經歷的思想與體制演變。處於美、日兩大傳播、電子強權直接支配下的我國電視事業，如何「借鏡」於此一歐洲經驗，但看國人的智慧；本文以篇幅所限，在此只能介紹相關事實概要，以俾有志之士進一步研討時，多一份他人既有經驗的參考。

Since the commercial television enterprises began to send their programs, the German TV-market with its Public-Monopoly framework has been fundamentally reconstructured: channels enhanced, receipt time prolonged, forms of entertainment enlivened and the competition so increasingly strengthened, that even the Public Stations could not escape from it. The European Community enacted in 1989 the Directive for a 'Frontless Television' and broke the artificial boundaries against the broadcasting of radiowaves. It means the tendency of internationalization in addition to commercia lization in the German TV-market. The Author tries in this Article to describe the changes and their concerns in the legal regulations in the Federal Republic of Germany and to provide and example for the reform of medien regulations in such phase, where competition grows and the international electrotechnological superpowers manipulate the markets.