陸游沈園詩的深層意涵探微

Exploration of the profound meanings of Lu You’s “Shen Garden Poems”

陸游（1125－1210）存世近萬首詩，「興會飆舉、詞氣踔厲」是放翁詩作的一貫基調，但《劍南詩稿》收存的一組悼亡詩則風格迥異，極盡哀婉悱惻，被認為是宋代為數不多的愛情詩傑作。這組詩寫作期集中於陸游六十八歲至八十四歲的晚年階段，所悼念者是他年輕時即已仳離的前妻唐氏；然則，陸游這十幾首以沈園為主軸抒情詠嘆、雖有題卻等似無題的愛情詩，又如何能判定即是悼念唐氏所作？而又為何遲至暮年才興生懷思感喟？更為突兀者，以「河陽」自況，賦詩追悼已經成為他人妻室的下堂婦，這樣的悼亡詩，亦可謂詩史僅見。凡此，均引人深思，值得析探。題壁紹興沈園的﹤釵頭鳳﹥，傳頌千百年，廣為人知，陸游所作的沈園詩組，即發軔於他罷官歸返故里，重遊舊地，重睹舊題，萬分感慨之後。這十幾首詩，不僅可視為是與〈釵頭鳳〉一詞有著紐帶牽連的本事詩，亦可佐證年輕時被迫休離髮妻，確使陸游抱憾內疚終生，竟至於人生行抵暮年，私心深處仍隱然視唐氏為早逝的亡婦而非離異的前妻。

Lu You (1125-1210) has left nearly ten thousand poems behind. Unrestrainedness and enthusiasm are characteristics of his poetry. However, a set of poems, “ Shen Garden Poems”, in his poetry collection “Jian Nan Shi Gao” have a unique style. These extremely sorrowful and subtle love poems are considered few masterpieces in Song dynasty. Lu has written them in his old years, between 68 and 84. It is believed, that he mourned in these poems for her dead ex-wife, Tang, from whom he had been separated at his young age. However, there are some facts arising questions about this statement. First of all, the poet hasn’t dedicated these poems to Tang nor mentioned her in them. How can readers and researchers make sure of the connection between these poems and Tang? Second, why did Lu just begin to miss Tang and mourn for her in his old age? Most strange of all, he described himself as a widower in these poems, when Tang had been no longer his wife but someone else’s. This is never seen in other mourning poems. The poem “Phoenix Hairpin”, which was written on a wall in “Shen Garden” in Shaoxing, has been long famous. After his retirement and return to his hometown, Lu visited the Garden and saw this poem again. Overwhelmed with emotions and thoughts he begun to write “Shen Garden Poems”. On the one 67 hand, these poems can be seen as “Benshi shi” regarding “Phoenix Hairpin”. On the other hand, they are clear evidences of his lifelong regret due to his forced separation from Tang and of his deepest thought that she remained his beloved wife despite of their separation and remarriage.