智謀理論及其於精神衛生護理之研究與應用

Resourcefulness Theory and Its Research and Application in Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing

智謀理論（resourcefulness theory）的發展與應用，在國外已將近40年，在華人護理學術界台灣是最早引進已近20年，尤其在精神衛生護理的應用。智謀（resourcefulness）是源自於心理學的概念，意指能有效應用個人內外在資源的能力；其內涵包括兩個面向，即個人智謀（personal resourcefulness）與社會智謀（social resourcefulness）。智謀概念的發展，在心理及護理學界的臨床應用，已有良好信、效度的測量工具，智謀量表（resourcefulnessscale）。經過多年的臨床應用、實證研究與測試，智謀與多項概念有各種程度的相關性，如憂鬱程度、自傷行為、工作壓力、照顧負荷、適應功能、復元（recovery）以及生活品質等。也在各種不同的族群中進行相關的研究，如精神病人、老人與青少年、護理人員以及家庭照顧者等，甚至以智謀與生活品質理論為基礎的智謀技能訓練已然發展完成。因此，期待智謀理論的發展與應用能在台灣更加發揚光大，嘉惠更多族群，並看見精神衛生護理不同領域的科學發展。

Resourcefulness theory has been developed and applied for nearly four decades in the West and been recommended and used by scholars in Taiwan for almost two decades. Research into the concept and theory of resourcefulness has been conducted in the nursing profession, especially in psychiatric and mental health nursing, in Taiwan, making the country the earliest Chinese and Taiwanese culture to adopt and use this theory. The concept of resourcefulness was derived from psychology and refers to the ability to effectively use internal (personal) and external (social) resources. It thus covers the two dimensions of skills application (e.g., personal resourcefulness and social resourcefulness). Beyond applying the concept of resourcefulness in academia and in the clinical practice of psychology and nursing, an instrument, the Resourcefulness Scale, has also been developed to measure resourcefulness with robust reliability and validity. Resourcefulness has been studied and tested in different populations, including patients with mental illness, elderly, adolescents, caregivers, nurses, and others, and has been found to correlate with depressive symptoms, self-harm behaviors, work stress, care burden, adaptation functioning, recovery, and quality of life. Moreover, resourcefulness training based on theory of resourcefulness and quality of life has also been fully developed and tested. The evolution of resourcefulness theory may be expected to be rooted and developed broadly to benefit more populations. The scientific development of psychiatric and mental health nursing may be seen in another field.