從天人感應到庶民教化－－吳地流通的竇娥故事寶卷研究

From God-Man Interaction to Civilization for Common People, A Research on the Boajuan Story Dou E Circulating in Wu Area

寶卷在晚清宣卷朝遊藝化發展並向俗文學取材後，出現許多新創作文學寶卷。這一類題材改編自俗文學的文學寶卷，情節生動、內容曲折，豐富了寶卷的內容。然而，新編創的寶卷，如何轉化俗文學故事以符合寶卷勸善教化的特質？本文以《竇娥冤》為例，比較戲曲與寶卷同題材故事情節異同之處，對原故事部分意涵的消失、新增，其編創演變原由，探究俗文學作品如何改編為寶卷文本。 本文透過《竇娥冤》故事多重文本的比對、各種吳地流通版本的竇娥故事寶卷，分析其故事源流、變異、編創與流通情況。經系統性梳理後，得知吳地流通的六種竇娥故事寶卷可分為：金鎖記系統與惜陰系統二種，兩種系統的寶卷雖有雙線情節與單線情節之別，但改編時皆加入前世今生的輪迴，另以遊地獄、哭五更、戲言害人必受懲等不同的情節，強化道德勸善的作用。但無論是金鎖記系統或惜陰系統寶卷，對竇娥故事的繼承皆因受勸善文學特質影響，情節產生取捨及思想變化，由複雜的天人關係、抗議精神，轉至越來越淺白的庶民教化，強調鬼神之力、果報及道德教化，成為世俗化的勸善文學。

 

When Boajuan in Qing dynasty were developed for entertainment and drew its materials from folk literatures, some newly-innovative literary Boajuan emerged. Nevertheless, how were the folk literature stories in these newly-revised Boajuan transformed to meet their original property of encouraging virtue and civilization? This research takes Dou E Yuan as an example to compare the difference in plot between the common stories in opera and Boajuan, to know why part of the meanings in the original stories disappeared or something new were added, and to explore how folk literatures were revised into text Boajuan. This paper analyzes the origin and development of the Boajuan story Dou E Yuan and the situation of its variation, revision and circulation, by way of doing multiple text comparisons among various versions of Boajuan circulating in We area. After a systematic sort-out, it is known the six visions of Dou E Yuan Boajuan story circulating in Wu area can be categorized into two types which are The Golden Cangue system and Xiyin system. The plots of the two systems are different, one is single thread and the other is dual, however, both were supplemented with plots of reincarnation about previous and present life when they were revised. In addition, both systems of Boajuan strengthens the effects of encouraging virtue by adding plots such as travelling to hell, crying until dawn, and giving deceptive words to hurt others and must being punished. Whether it is The Golden Cangue or Xiyin, the inheritance of story Dou E Yuan in both systems were affected by the essence of encouraging virtue literatures, as a result, the plots had the issues of being adopted or eliminated, and the thoughts of the plots had transformed from complicated god-man relationship and protest spirit to more and more easily understood civilization for common people in which it emphasized the power of god and ghost, the cause and effects, and the moral civilization and became secularized literatures for encouraging virtue.