道德與美感：史上首座階級融合的郊區住宅之創立

Morality and Aesthetics: The Founding of the World’s First Suburb “to Include All Classes”

英國倫敦西北邊的「漢普斯頓花園市郊」於1906年提出首張規劃圖。創辦人是牧師之妻，海利耶塔‧巴爾內女爵士(1851-1936)。她濟貧扶弱數十年，主張建立一個容納各階級、戶外空間足，規劃完善、具景觀和建築之美的市郊，有別於當時郊區多由建商主導、美醜不一、且只有富人才買得起的情形，成了世上首座體現社會主義思想、階級融合的郊區住宅。此地此人，國內幾無討論。英文學界雖有研究，但未聚焦討論該市郊核心價值究竟為何？以及這些價值在創立過程如何逐一展現？本研究著重於此，以質化的內容分析，整理歸納巴爾內各篇著述。發現1.「道德」和「美感」是此市郊創立的核心價值。2.創立之前、及提案當下，巴爾內訴求社會道德責任，偶見美感論述；市郊進入規劃階段，巴爾內的美感思想則更清楚展現，文中並將詳細討論相關時序。3.區內增進美感的建設，其實皆有道德考量，故「美感」的概念在此市郊的脈絡下，仍是道德的延伸。總之，本研究提出一座市郊背後的道德和美感問題，供建築學界參考，乃過去都市史、都市規劃等領域，所未發掘與討論的。又，雖可歸類為建築史研究，但不同於建築史領域時常關注的形式、風格等物質面向，本研究著重抽象的思想和價值，貢獻獨特。

 

Hampstead Garden Suburb (HGS), north-west of London, was planned in 1906. It was proposed by Dame Henrietta Barnett (1851-1936), a wife of a Canon. Helping the poor for many decades, she proposed a well-planned suburb with large open space and beautiful landscape and architecture “to include all classes”1. HGS is thus the world’s first suburb embodying socialism and embracing all classes. It is different from the ordinary suburbs of the time, which were planned by developers, have highly diversified appearances, and only rich people can afford to buy. Barnett and HGS have been studied by various scholars, but almost no research explores the exact core value behind HGS and how it was realized. Therefore, this paper focuses on this. I use qualitative methods to analyse Barnett’s own writings. I find that 1. morality and aesthetics are the core value 2. morality was emphasized during the initial stages of HGS’s establishment and aesthetics the later stages. I will elucidate the relevant time sequence 3. any constructions to enhance beauty and aesthetics are actually built for their moral value. So aesthetics is another way to express morality. Overall, this paper hopes to inspire readers by highlighting the morality and aesthetics behind a suburb, an aspect often neglected by Urban History and Town Planning. Moreover, though falling into the category of History of Architecture, this paper does not focus on the discipline’s traditional propositions such as form and style, but on thinking and ideas, and is therefore a unique contribution.