九０年代日本派閥政治之分析

The Analysis on Japanese Factional Politics in 1990s

日本首相小泉純一郎所領導自民黨、公明黨皮保守黨的執政三黨在去（二○○一）年七月參議院選舉中獲得重大的勝利，而其獲勝的主要原因便是小泉在此次選舉中大量提名新人，而非延襲過去自民黨以政治二世及派閥領袖為主要提名人選的積習，而這種策略成功獲得選民的青睞，同時也改變現有自民黨派閥政治的生態，而小泉執政之後是否真的會改變日本派閥政治的運作及基礎呢？這是本文的主要研究目的。過去日本研究總是將派閥政治列為日本政治體系的運作最重要的特性，其主要分析派閥的歷史及演變，而絕少探討派閥政治背後的政經網絡，本文主要是嘗試從政治及經濟兩個面向來分析茲以支撐日本派閥政治存在的基礎，本文認為在政治基礎方面，有官僚空降國會、家族傳承政治與地方世家形成，這些形成派閥政治綿密的政治關係網絡；在經濟基礎方面，則有地方團體獻金、專業團體獻金及財團政治獻金，這些提供派閥政治運作的動力。在這些政經因素沒有根除的情況下，要改變現今日本派閥政治無異是緣木求魚。

The three ruling parties in Japan-the Liberal Democratic Party, Komeito, and Conservative Party-achieved major the success in the Senate election in July 2001 under the leadership of Primer Joichiro Koizumi. The prime reason for the success is that Koizumi nominated freshmen and not faction leaders and old hat politicians. The strategy has successfully attracted votes as well as changed Japanese factional politics. Will the Koizumi government really change the basis of factional politics? In the past, most Japanese studies have focused on the factional politics of the system, and have seldom discussed the political economic network behind factional politics. This paper analyzes the basis that supports the faction's operation from the political and economic dimensions. In terms of the political dimension, it includes amakudari (sending bureaucrats to the Diet) crony policics and clan dominance. From the economic devepectre, it includes local group donations, professional group donation, and business donation. These elements creat the bases for factional operation. This paper argues that if these factors are not eliminated, it will be very difficult to change Japanese politics.